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arXiv2014

Probable projectile-target combinations for the synthesis of super heavy nucleus $^{286}$112

The fusion cross sections for the reactions of all the projectile-target combinations found in the cold valleys of $^{286}$112 have been studied using scattering potential as the sum of Coulomb and proximity potential, so as to predict the most probable projectile-target combinations in heavy ion fusion reactions for the synthesis of super heavy nucleus $^{286}$112. While considering the nature of potential pockets and half lives of the colliding nuclei, the systems $^{82}$Ge + $^{204}$Hg, $^{80}$Ge + $^{206}$Hg and $^{78}$Zn + $^{208}$Pb found in the deep cold valley region and the systems $^{48}$Ca+$^{238}$U, $^{38}$S+$^{248}$Cm and $^{44}$Ar+$^{242}$Pu in the cold valleys are predicted to be the better optimal projectile-target combinations for the synthesis of super heavy nucleus $^{286}$112.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2014

Astronuclear Physics with Short-Lived Isotopes

A revolution in nuclear physics is underway. If you know hadron physics you also know that it will last long, as most past developments in nuclear physics have shown. It will take many decades of dedicated efforts of theorists and experimentalists to give astronomers, cosmologists and stellar modelers what they need for the accuracy required in the description and modeling of many cosmic phenomena of interest. In this contribution I review a small number of examples of the utmost relevance for the nuclear in the astro and in particular the humongous importance of the new area of astronuclear physics studied in radioactive beam facilities.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2014

Toward Description of $pp$ and $p{\rm C}$ Interactions at High Energies: Problems of Fritiof-based Models

How do the models (Fritiof 1.6, Fritiof 7.0, UrQMD 3.3 and Hijing 1.383) describe experimental data of NA61/SHINE and NA49 Collaborations on $pp$ and $p{\rm C}$ interactions at high energies? An answer on this question is given in the paper. It is shown that the UrQMD model does not reproduce the energy dependence of $π^-$ meson production in $pp$-interactions; the Fritiof 1.6 and the Fritiof 7.0 models underestimate the meson production on $\sim$ 10 %; the Hijing model overestimates the data on $\sim$ 10 %. A change of a LUND fragmentation function parameter in the Fritiof models 1.6/7.0 allows to describe the data. A decreasing of probabilities of binary processes in the UrQMD model like $p+p\rightarrow N+N'$ and so on, allows one to describe the data, thus a problem of a correct accounting of the processes arises. An increasing of a probability of the single diffraction dissociation in the Hijing model from 35 % to 50 % allows to describe the data, though a spectrum of masses produced in the diffraction is not satisfactory. A description of the diffraction is a problem in all the models.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2014

Evidence for a Novel Reaction Mechanism of a Prompt Shock-Induced Fission Following the Fusion of 78Kr and 40Ca Nuclei at E/A =10 MeV

An analysis of experimental data from the inverse-kinematics ISODEC experiment on 78Kr+40Ca reaction at a bombarding energy of 10 AMeV has revealed signatures of a hitherto unknown reaction mechanism, intermediate between the classical damped binary collisions and fusion-fission, but also substantially different from what is being termed in the literature as fast fission or quasi fission. These signatures point to a scenario where the system fuses transiently while virtually equilibrating mass asymmetry and energy and, yet, keeping part of the energy stored in a collective shock-imparted and, possibly, angular momentum bearing form of excitation. Subsequently the system fissions dynamically along the collision or shock axis with the emerging fragments featuring a broad mass spectrum centered around symmetric fission, relative velocities somewhat higher along the fission axis than in transverse direction, and virtually no intrinsic spin. The class of massasymmetric fission events shows a distinct preference for the more massive fragments to proceed along the beam direction, a characteristic reminiscent of that reported earlier for dynamic fragmentation of projectile-like fragments alone and pointing to the memory of the initial mass and velocity distribution.

nucl-ex↗

arXiv2014

Additional resonant contribution to the potential model for the 12C(alpha,gamma)16O reaction

The additional resonant contribution to the potential model is examined in $α$+$^{12}$C elastic scattering and the low-energy $^{12}$C($α$,$γ$)$^{16}$O reaction. The excitation function of elastic scattering below $E_{c.m.}= 5$ MeV seems to be reproduced by the potential model satisfactorily, and it is not profoundly disturbed by the additional resonances. The weak coupling is good enough to describe the $^{16}$O structure in the vicinity of the $α$-particle threshold, especially below $E_{c.m.}= 8$ MeV, corresponding to the excitation energy $E_x \approx 15$ MeV. The additional resonances give the complement of the astrophysical $S$-factors from the simple potential model. The $S$-factor of $^{12}$C($α$,$γ$)$^{16}$O at $E_{c.m.}=300$ keV is dominated by the $E$2 transition, which is enhanced by the subthreshold 2$^+_1$ state at $E_x= 6.92$ MeV. The contribution from the subthreshold 1$^-_1$ state at $E_x= 7.12$ MeV is predicted to be small. The additional resonances do not give the large contribution to the thermonuclear reaction rates of $^{12}$C($α$,$γ$)$^{16}$O at helium burning temperatures.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2014

Exploring the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay in the Inverted Neutrino Hierarchy with Bolometric Detectors

Neutrinoless double beta decay (0nubb) is one of the most sensitive probes for physics beyond the Standard Model, providing unique information on the nature of neutrinos. In this paper we review the status and outlook for bolometric 0nubb decay searches. We summarize recent advances in background suppression demonstrated using bolometers with simultaneous readout of heat and light signals. We simulate several configurations of a future CUORE-like bolometer array which would utilize these improvements and present the sensitivity reach of a hypothetical next-generation bolometric 0nubb experiment. We demonstrate that a bolometric experiment with the isotope mass of about 1 ton is capable of reaching the sensitivity to the effective Majorana neutrino mass (|mee|) of order 10-20 meV, thus completely exploring the so-called inverted neutrino mass hierarchy region. We highlight the main challenges and identify priorities for an R&D program addressing them.

nucl-ex↗

arXiv2014

Noise Equivalent Counts Based Emission Image Reconstruction Algorithm of Tomographic Gamma Scanning

Tomographic Gamma Scanning (TGS) is a technique used to assay the nuclide distribution and radioactivity in nuclear waste drums. Both transmission and emission scans are performed in TGS and the transmission image is used for the attenuation correction in emission reconstructions. The error of the transmission image, which is not considered by the existing reconstruction algorithms, negatively affects the final results. An emission reconstruction method based on Noise Equivalent Counts (NEC) is presented. Noises from the attenuation image are concentrated to the projection data to apply the NEC Maximum-Likelihood Expectation-Maximization algorithm. Experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

nucl-ex↗

arXiv2014

Emergence of hadrons from color charge in QCD

The propagation of colored quarks through strongly interacting systems, and their subsequent evolution into color-singlet hadrons, are phenomena that showcase unique facets of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Medium-stimulated gluon bremsstrahlung, a fundamental QCD process, induces broadening of the transverse momentum of the parton, and creates partonic energy loss manifesting itself in experimental observables that are accessible in high energy interactions in hot and cold systems. The formation of hadrons, which is the dynamical enforcement of the QCD confinement principle, is very poorly understood on the basis of fundamental theory, although detailed models such as the Lund string model or cluster hadronization models can generally be tuned to capture the main features of hadronic final states. With the advent of the technical capability to study hadronic final states from lepton scattering with good particle identification and at high luminosity, a new opportunity has appeared. Study of the characteristics of parton propagation and hadron formation as they unfold within atomic nuclei are now being used to understand the coherence and spatial features of these processes and to refine new experimental tools that will be used in future experiments. Fixed-target data on nuclei with lepton and hadron beams, and collider experiments involving nuclei, all make essential contact with these topics and they elucidate different aspects of these same themes. In this paper, a survey of the most relevant recent data and its potential interpretation will be followed by descriptions of planned experiments at Jefferson Lab following the completion of the 12 GeV upgrade, and feasible measurements at a future Electron-Ion Collider.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2014

Latest Results from BNL and RHIC--2013

A selection of results from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) from 2012 to 2013 is presented together with a few newsworthy developments in this period. The move of the g-2 magnet from BNL to Fermilab for the "fifth muon g-2 experiment" inspired a brief discussion of the original g-2 experiments at CERN. Highlights of the past year include a change in the measurement of the suppression of large transverse momentum ($p_T$) particles in the Quark Gluon Plasma to a measure of the fractional shift in the observed $p_T$ spectrum from the expected A+A spectrum for independent collisions as an estimate of the energy loss in the medium. The p+Pb run at LHC in early 2013 spurred new or improved measurements in d+Au at RHIC which included the observation of elliptical flow in d+Au collisions and measurements of transverse energy ($E_T$) spectra in p-p, d+Au and Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV nucleon-nucleon c.m. energy which demonstrated that constituent quarks are the fundamental element of particle production in all 3 systems. Measurements of identified hadrons in d+Au show a huge Cronin effect for protons but no effect for mesons. An important step for the future was the acquisition by BNL of the superconducting solenoid used in the BABAR experiment at SLAC for use in future experiments at RHIC and possibly eRHIC, starting with an upgrade of the PHENIX experiment called sPHENIX.

nucl-ex↗

arXiv2014

Parton Physics from Large-Momentum Effective Field Theory

Parton physics, when formulated as light-front correlations, are difficult to study non-perturbatively, despite the promise of light-front quantization. Recently an alternative approach to partons have been proposed by re-visiting original Feynman picture of a hadron moving at asymptotically large momentum. Here I formulate the approach in the language of an effective field theory for a large hadron momentum $P$ in lattice QCD, LaMET for short. I show that using this new effective theory, parton properties, including light-front parton wave functions, can be extracted from lattice observables in a systematic expansion of $1/P$, much like that the parton distributions can be extracted from the hard scattering data at momentum scales of a few GeV.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2014

Testing the Ge detectors for the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR

High purity germanium (HPGe) crystals will be used for the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR, where they serve as both the source and the detector for neutrinoless double beta decay. It is crucial for the experiment to understand the performance of the HPGe crystals. A variety of crystal properties are being investigated, including basic properties such as energy resolution, efficiency, uniformity, capacitance, leakage current and crystal axis orientation, as well as more sophisticated properties, e.g. pulse shapes and dead layer and transition layer distributions. In this paper, we will present our measurements that characterize the HPGe crystals. We will also discuss our simulation package for the detector characterization setup, and show that additional information can be extracted from data-simulation comparisons.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Background Model for the Majorana Demonstrator

The Majorana Collaboration is constructing a system containing 40 kg of HPGe detectors to demonstrate the feasibility and potential of a future tonne-scale experiment capable of probing the neutrino mass scale in the inverted-hierarchy region. To realize this, a major goal of the Majorana Demonstrator is to demonstrate a path forward to achieving a background rate at or below 1 cnt/(ROI-t-y) in the 4 keV region of interest around the Q-value at 2039 keV. This goal is pursued through a combination of a significant reduction of radioactive impurities in construction materials with analytical methods for background rejection, for example using powerful pulse shape analysis techniques profiting from the p-type point contact HPGe detectors technology. The effectiveness of these methods is assessed using simulations of the different background components whose purity levels are constrained from radioassay measurements.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

PandaX: A Liquid Xenon Dark Matter Experiment at CJPL

PandaX is a large upgradable liquid-xenon detector system that can be used for both direct dark-matter detection and $^{136}$Xe double-beta decay search. It is located in the Jinping Deep-Underground Laboratory in Sichuan, China. The detector operates in dual-phase mode, allowing detection of both prompt scintillation, and ionization charge through proportional scintillation. The central time projection chamber will be staged, with the first stage accommodating a target mass of about 120\,kg. In stage II, the target mass will be increased to about 0.5\,ton. In the final stage, the detector can be upgraded to a multi-ton target mass. In this paper a detailed description of the stage-I detector design and performance results established during the commissioning phase is presented.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

SNO+ with Tellurium

The SNO+ experiment, currently undergoing commissioning, will be a large scale liquid scintillator detector capable of studying a variety of physics topics, with the highest priority being a sensitive search for neutrinoless double beta decay. The collaboration has recently decided to use 130Te as the candidate isotope for this search, having developed a new approach to the purification and loading of tellurium into liquid scintillator. An initial Phase I demonstrator with a 0.3% Te loading is expected to reach sensitivities to Majorana neutrino masses approaching the top of the inverted neutrino mass hierarchy. If successful, there is significant scope for further enhancements that could lead to measurements covering the vast majority of the inverted hierarchy range with high sensitivity.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Neutrinoless double-beta decay of 76Ge and 130Te. A correction of the neutrinoless 2\b{eta}-decay model and a reanalysis of QUORICINO results

A correction of the neutrinoless 2\b{eta}-decay model was proposed which predicted a shift of the 2\b{eta}0ν-signal from the Q value (2\b{eta}-decay energy). The shifts were calculated for 76Ge (\D{elta}E=-2.6 keV), 100Mo (\D{elta}E=-4.7 keV), 130Te (\D{elta}E=-3.7 keV). The calculations for 76Ge were in agreement with H-M results. A reanalysis of the published Quoricino data (a search for a 2\b{eta}0ν-decay of 130Te) was performed. It indicated a presence of a signal at E = 2523.5 keV \a{pprox} Q(130Te)-3.7 keV. It could be attributed to the 130Te neutrinoless 2\b{eta}-decay with T1/2 = (5.7+-2.3)10^23 y. A comparison of the H-M and Quoricino data has strongly supported the experimental observation of the 2\b{eta}0ν-decay process and a validity of the proposed correction.

nucl-ex↗

arXiv2014

Energy dependence of W values for protons in hydrogen

The mean energy $W$ required to produce an ion pair in molecular hydrogen has been obtained for protons in the energy range between 1 MeV and 4.5 MeV. The W values were derived from the existing experimental data on elastic {\it $π^-$p} scattering at the beam energy of 40 GeV. In the experiment, the ionization chamber IKAR filled with hydrogen at a pressure of 10 at served simultaneously as a gas target and a detector for recoil protons. For selected events of elastic scattering, the ionization yield produced by recoil protons was measured in IKAR, while the energy was determined kinematically through the scattering angles of the incident particles measured with a system of multi-wire proportional chambers. The ionization produced by $α$-particles from $α$-sources of $^{234}$U deposited on the chamber electrodes was used for absolute normalization of the W values. The energy dependence of $W$ for protons in H$_2$ shows an anomalous increase of $W$ with increasing energy in the measured energy range. At the energy of 4.76 MeV, the ionization yield for alpha particles is by 2\% larger than that for protons.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Model-independent Analyses of Dark-Matter Particle Interactions

A model-independent treatment of dark-matter particle elastic scattering has been developed, yielding the most general interaction for WIMP-nucleon low-energy scattering, and the resulting amplitude has been embedded in the nucleus, taking into account the selection rules imposed by parity and time-reversal. One finds that, in contrast to the usual spin-independent/spin-dependent (SI/SD) formulation, the resulting cross section contains six independent nuclear response functions, three of which are associated with possible velocity-dependent interactions. We find that current experiments are four orders of magnitude more sensitive to derivative couplings than is apparent in the standard SI/SD treatment, which necessarily associates such interactions with cross sections proportional to the square of the WIMP velocity relative to the nuclear center of mass.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2014

Charge splitting of directed flow and space-time picture of pion emission from the electromagnetic interactions with spectators

We estimate the effect of the spectator-induced electromagnetic interaction on the directed flow of charged pions. For intermediate centrality Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7.7$~GeV, we demonstrate that the electromagnetic interaction between spectator charges and final state pions results in charge splitting of positive and negative pion directed flow. Such a charge splitting is visible in the experimental data reported by the STAR Collaboration. The magnitude of this charge splitting appears to strongly depend on the actual distance between the pion emission site (pion at freeze-out) and the spectator system. As such, the above electromagnetic effect brings new, independent information on the space-time evolution of pion production in heavy ion collisions. From the comparison of our present analysis to our earlier studies made for pions produced at higher rapidity, we formulate conclusions on the rapidity dependence of the distance between the pion emission site and the spectator system. This distance appears to decrease with increasing pion rapidity, reflecting the longitudinal expansion of the strongly-interacting system responsible for pion emission. Thus for the first time, information on the space-time characteristics of the system is being provided by means of the spectator-induced electromagnetic interaction. The above electromagnetic effect being in fact a straight-forward consequence of the presence of spectator charges in the collision, we consider that it should be considered as a baseline for studies of other phenomena, like those related to the electric conductivity of the quark-gluon plasma.

nucl-th↗