Thermodynamics with 3 Spins
Glauber dynamics, applied to the one-dimensional Ising model, provides a tractable model for the study of non-equilibrium, many-body processes driven by a heat bath
physics.gen-ph↗
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Is the relativity principle consistent with classical electrodynamics? Towards a logico-empiricist reconstruction of a physical theory
The transformation rules for the basic electrodynamical quantities are routinely derived from the hypothesis that the relativity principle (RP) applies for Maxwell's electrodynamics. These derivations leave open several questions: (1) Is the RP a true law of nature for electrodynamical phenomena? (2) Are, at least, the transformation rules of the fundamental electrodynamical quantities, derived from the RP, true? (3) Is the RP consistent with the laws of electrodynamics in one single inertial frame of reference? (4) Are, at least, the derived transformation rules consistent with the laws of electrodynamics in one single frame of reference? (1) and (2) are empirical questions; we will investigate problems (3) and (4). First we will develop a formalism of the RP. In the second part, we will deal with the operational definitions of the fundamental quantities. In the third part of the paper we will show that the proper transformation rules are indeed identical with the ones obtained by presuming the covariance, and that the covariance is indeed satisfied. Problem (3) raises conceptual problems to which there seems no satisfactory solution in electrodynamics; thus, contrary to the widespread views, the question we asked in the title has no obvious answer.
physics.gen-ph↗
Two new type surface polaritons excited into nanoholes in metal films
First, we argue that the smooth metal-air interface should be regarded as a distinct dielectric medium, the skin of the metal. The existence of this metal skin leads to theoretical explanation of experimental data on the excitation of electromagnetic surface shape resonances in lamellar metallic gratings by light in the visible to near-infrared range. Surface polaritons have been observed in reflection modes on metallized gratings where the electric field is highly localized inside the grooves (around 300-1000 times larger than intensity of incoming optical light). Here we present quantized Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic field in an isotropic homogeneous medium, allowing us to solve the absorption anomaly property of these metal films. The results imply the existence of light boson particles with spin one and effective mass $m= 2.5\cdot 10^{-5} m_e$. We also show the presence of two new type surface polaritons into nanoholes in metal films.
physics.gen-ph↗
Testing Doppler type shift for an accelerated source and determination of the universal maximal acceleration
An experiment for testing Doppler type shift for an accelerated source and determination of the universal maximal acceleration is proposed.
physics.gen-ph↗
The proton gyromagnetic g-factor: an electromagnetic model
So far, the Standard Model of Elementary Particles has not succeeded getting a trustworthy account of the proton spin, which remains an enigma. This hindrance is known as the proton spin crisis, owing to the experimental evidence already from 1988 suggesting that little or none of the proton spin would come from the spin of the quarks. This prompted theorists to a flood of guessworks about the proton spin. Since it remains unsolved, in the framework of new physics an exploratory approach based on a novel paradigm is proposed, which brings a renewed access to this challenge, through its reciprocal relationship with the g-factor.
physics.gen-ph↗
Almost-anywhere Theories. Reductionism and Universality of Emergence
We aim here to show that reductionism and emergence play a complementary role in understanding natural processes and in the dynamics of science explanation. In particular, we will show that the renormalization group - one of the most refined tool of theoretical physics - allows understanding the importance of emergent processes' role in Nature identifying them universal organization processes, which is to say they are scale independent. We can use the syntaxes of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking as a trans-disciplinary theoretical scenario for many other forms of complexity, especially the biological and cognitive ones.
physics.gen-ph↗
Ultradense Deuterium
An attempt is made to explain the recently reported occurrence of ultradense deuterium as an isothermal transition of Rydberg matter into a high density phase by quantum mechanical exchange forces. It is conjectured that the transition is made possible by the formation of vortices in a Cooper pair electron fluid, separating the electrons from the deuterons, with the deuterons undergoing Bose-Einstein condensation in the core of the vortices. If such a state of deuterium should exist at the reported density of about 100,000 g/cm3, it would greatly facility the ignition of a thermonuclear detonation wave in pure deuterium, by placing the deuterium in a thin disc, to be ignited by a pulsed ultrafast laser or particle beam of modest energy.
physics.gen-ph↗
Quantenelektrodynamik: Nah- oder Fernwirkungstheorie
The two-particle state space of the perturbation series of elastic electron-electron scattering is considered. In Feynman's action-at-a-distance formulation of quantum electrodynamics a relation between the coupling constant and the ratio of densities of states in the physical state space and in a two-particle product representation can be established. This relation is satisfied, when the physical state space corresponds to an irreducible representation of the Poincare group. Consequences of this observation are discussed. ----- Der Zweiteilchen-Zustandsraum der Stoerungsentwicklung zur elastischen Elektron-Elektron-Streuung wird betrachtet. In der Feynmanschen Formulierung der Quantenelektrodynamik als Fernwirkungstheorie laesst sich eine Beziehung zwischen Kopplungskonstante und dem Verhaeltnis der Zustandsdichten des physikalischen Zweiteilchen-Zustandsraums einerseits und einer Zweiteilchen-Produktdarstellung andererseits herstellen. Diese Beziehung ist erfuellt, wenn der physikalische Zustandsraum durch eine irreduzible Zweiteilchen-Darstellung der Poincare-Gruppe gebildet wird. Die Konsequenzen dieser Beobachtung werden diskutiert.
physics.gen-ph↗
Three +1 Faces of Invariance
A careful look at an allegedly well-known century-old concept reveals interesting aspects in it that have generally avoided recognition in literature. There are four different kinds of physical observables known or proclaimed as relativistic invariants under space-time rotations. Only observables in the first three categories are authentic invariants, whereas the single "invariant" - proper length - in the fourth category is actually not an invariant. The proper length has little is anything to do with proper distance which is a true invariant. On the other hand, proper distance, proper time, and rest mass have more in common than usually recognized, and particularly, mass - time analogy opens another view of the twin paradox.
physics.gen-ph↗
Order In Chaos: Definite Rules That Govern The Drift Of Moon Away From The Earth
When the Moon was formed it was much closer to the Earth than it is today. It just needed about 20 days then to go around the Earth. Now it takes the Moon 29.5 days to make one revolution. In order to follow the conservation of angular momentum the Moon had to either move closer to the Earth or recede from Earth. The data from the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment confirms it to be moving away and the velocity of recession of the Moon have been found to be 3.8 cm/year. This rate is not constant though. At present the Moon's orbit has a radius of 384,000km. But what is not yet known to all is that the orbital motion of the moon is actually a spiral motion. The moon is spiralling out and a very simple mathematical equation can describe the actual spiral motion of the Moon. The generalisation of this differential equation is the basic aim of this paper here.
physics.gen-ph↗
Line Density Indice as an alternative to MK process
73 broadband optical spectra of dwarf stars later than F0 have been obtained from the Nearby Stars Project website. The number of absorption lines is computed for each spectrum between 6000 and 6200 Angstrom. A correlation is found between the density of lines K$λ$ and the spectral type. This method is independent of calibration process, does not require high resolution or high signal to noise data and does not make use of a large library of standard spectra.
physics.gen-ph↗
On the existence of periodic orbits in a class of mechanical hamiltonian systems -an elementary proof
We present an illustrative application of the two famous mathematical theorems in differential topology in order to show the existence of periodic orbits with arbitrary given period for a class of hamiltonians .This result point out for a mathematical answer for the long standing problem of existence of Planetary Sistems around stars.
physics.gen-ph↗
The free states-related Fermi pocket of cuprate superconductors
To stress the effect of the pairing position deviating from the Fermi level, we must investigate the pairs in the wave vector space, and then we use the dynamic equation to study some correlation functions. This article shows that the Fermi pocket is related to the effect of free electron states on the ARPES experiment. This also leads us to understand why the Fermi arc appears in Bi2212 while the Fermi pocket appears in Bi2201 with the valence bandwidth and the work function known for them.
physics.gen-ph↗
Multiverse Scenarios in Cosmology: Classification, Cause, Challenge, Controversy, and Criticism
Multiverse scenarios in cosmology assume that other universes exist "beyond" our own universe. They are an exciting challenge both for empirical and theoretical research as well as for philosophy of science. They could be necessary to understand why the big bang occurred, why (some of) the laws of nature and the values of certain physical constants are the way they are, and why there is an arrow of time. This essay clarifies competing notions of "universe" and "multiverse"; it proposes a classification of different multiverse types according to various aspects how the universes are or are not separated from each other; it reviews the main reasons for assuming the existence of other universes: empirical evidence, theoretical explanation, and philosophical arguments; and, finally, it argues that some attempts to criticize multiverse scenarios as "unscientific", insisting on a narrow understanding of falsification, is neither appropriate nor convincing from a philosophy of science point of view. -- Keywords: big bang, universe, multiverse, cosmic inflation, time, quantum gravity, string theory, laws of nature, physical constants, fine-tuning, anthropic principle, philosophy of science, metaphysics, falsificationism
physics.gen-ph↗
Lunar Laser-Ranging Detection of Light-Speed Anisotropy and Gravitational Waves
The Apache Point Lunar Laser-ranging Operation (APOLLO), in NM, can detect photon bounces from retro-reflectors on the moon surface to 0.1ns timing resolution. This facility enables not only the detection of light speed anisotropy, which defines a local preferred frame of reference - only in that frame is the speed of light isotropic, but also fluctuations/turbulence (gravitational waves) in the flow of the dynamical 3-space relative to local systems/observers. So the APOLLO facility can act as an effective "gravitational wave" detector. A recently published small data set from November 5, 2007, is analysed to characterise both the average anisotropy velocity and the wave/turbulence effects. The results are consistent with some 13 previous detections, with the last and most accurate being from the spacecraft earth-flyby Doppler-shift NASA data.
physics.gen-ph↗
Precession of the Equinoxes and the Calibration of Astronomical Epochs
Astronomical observations were used as a marker for time and the Calendar from ancient times. A more subtle calibration of epochs is thrown up by an observation of the position of the solstices and equinoxes, because these points shift in the sky with the years resulting in the gradual shift of celestial longitudes $λ$. Chronology based on such observations however needs to be backed up by hard evidence. We match both to take us back to $10,000$ B.C., the epi-paleolithic period, and the beginning of civilization itself.
physics.gen-ph↗
Heat and Gravitation. III. Mixtures
The standard treatment of relativistic thermodynamics does not allow for a systematic treatment of mixtures. It is proposed that a formulation of thermodynamics as an action principle may be a suitable approach to adopt for a new investigation. This third paper of the series applies the action principle to a study of mixtures of ideal gases. The action for a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of the actions for the components, with an entropy that, in the absence of gravity, is determined by the Gibbs-Dalton hypothesis. Chemical reactions such as hydrogen dissociation are studied, with results that include the Saha equation and that are more complete than traditional treatments, especially so when gravitational effects are included. A mixture of two ideal gases is a system with two degrees of freedom and consequently it exhibits two kinds of sound. In the presence of gravity the Gibbs-Dalton hypothesis is modified to get results that agree with observation. The possibility of a parallel treatment of real gases is illustrated by an application to van der Waals gases. The overall conclusion is that experimental results serve to pin down the lagrangian in a very efficient manner. This leads to a convenient theoretical framework in which many dynamical problems can be studied.
physics.gen-ph↗
Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Thin Plates with Symmetrical Boundary Conditions
In the article the Fourier series analytical solutions of uniformly loaded rectangular thin plates with symmetrical boundary conditions are considered. For all the cases the numerical values are tabulated.
physics.gen-ph↗