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Astrophysics in S.Co.P.E

S.Co.P.E. is one of the four projects funded by the Italian Government in order to provide Southern Italy with a distributed computing infrastructure for fundamental science. Beside being aimed at building the infrastructure, S.Co.P.E. is also actively pursuing research in several areas among which astrophysics and observational cosmology. We shortly summarize the most significant results obtained in the first two years of the project and related to the development of middleware and Data Mining tools for the Virtual Observatory.

astro-ph↗

Approximating Document Frequency with Term Count Values

For bounded datasets such as the TREC Web Track (WT10g) the computation of term frequency (TF) and inverse document frequency (IDF) is not difficult. However, when the corpus is the entire web, direct IDF calculation is impossible and values must instead be estimated. Most available datasets provide values for term count (TC) meaning the number of times a certain term occurs in the entire corpus. Intuitively this value is different from document frequency (DF), the number of documents (e.g., web pages) a certain term occurs in. We conduct a comparison study between TC and DF values within the Web as Corpus (WaC). We found a very strong correlation with Spearman's rho >0.8 (p<0.005) which makes us confident in claiming that for such recently created corpora the TC and DF values can be used interchangeably to compute IDF values. These results are useful for the generation of accurate lexical signatures based on the TF-IDF scheme.

cs.IR↗

A Distributed Process Infrastructure for a Distributed Data Structure

The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is continuing to grow outside the bounds of its initial function as a metadata framework and into the domain of general-purpose data modeling. This expansion has been facilitated by the continued increase in the capacity and speed of RDF database repositories known as triple-stores. High-end RDF triple-stores can hold and process on the order of 10 billion triples. In an effort to provide a seamless integration of the data contained in RDF repositories, the Linked Data community is providing specifications for linking RDF data sets into a universal distributed graph that can be traversed by both man and machine. While the seamless integration of RDF data sets is important, at the scale of the data sets that currently exist and will ultimately grow to become, the "download and index" philosophy of the World Wide Web will not so easily map over to the Semantic Web. This essay discusses the importance of adding a distributed RDF process infrastructure to the current distributed RDF data structure.

cs.AI↗

Confirmation Bias and the Open Access Advantage: Some Methodological Suggestions for the Davis Citation Study

Davis (2008) analyzes citations from 2004-2007 in 11 biomedical journals. 15% of authors paid to make them Open Access (OA). The outcome is a significant OA citation Advantage, but a small one (21%). The author infers that the OA advantage has been shrinking yearly, but the data suggest the opposite. Further analyses are necessary: (1) Not just author-choice (paid) OA but Free OA self-archiving needs to be taken into account rather than being counted as non-OA. (2) proportion of OA articles per journal per year needs to be reported and taken into account. (3) The Journal Impact Factor and the relation between the size of the OA Advantage article 'citation-bracket' need to be taken into account. (4) The sample-size for the highest-impact, largest-sample journal analyzed, PNAS, is restricted and excluded from some of the analyses. The full PNAS dataset is needed. (5) The interaction between OA and time, 2004-2007, is based on retrospective data from a June 2008 total cumulative citation count. The dates of both the cited articles and the citing articles need to be taken into account. The author proposes that author self-selection bias for is the primary cause of the observed OA Advantage, but this study does not test this or of any of the other potential causal factors. The author suggests that paid OA is not worth the cost, per extra citation. But with OA self-archiving both the OA and the extra citations are free.

cs.DL↗

How long should an astronomical paper be to increase its Impact?

Naively, one would expect longer papers to have larger impact (i.e., to be cited more). I tested this expectation by selecting all (~30,000) refereed papers from A&A, AJ, ApJ and MNRAS published between 2000 and 2004. These particular years were chosen so papers analyzed would not be too "fresh", but at the same time length of each article could be obtained via ADS. I find that indeed longer papers published in these four major astronomy journals are on average cited more, with a median number of citations increasing from 6 for articles 2-3 pages long to about 50 for articles ~50 pages long. I do however observe a significant "Letters effect", i.e. ApJ and A&A articles 4 pages long are cited more than articles 5-10 pages long. Also, the very few longest (>80 pages) papers are actually cited less than somewhat shorter papers. For individual journals, median citations per paper increase from 11 for ~9,300 A&A papers to 14 for ~5,300 MNRAS papers, 16 for ~2,550 AJ papers, and 20 for ~12,850 ApJ papers (including ApJ Letters and Supplement). I conclude with some semi-humorous career advice, directed especially at first-year graduate students.

astro-ph↗

A Simple Framework to Typify Social Bibliographic Communities

Social Communities in bibliographic databases exist since many years, researchers share common research interests, and work and publish together. A social community may vary in type and size, being fully connected between participating members or even more expressed by a consortium of small and individual members who play individual roles in it. In this work, we focus on social communities inside the bibliographic database DBLP and characterize communities through a simple typifying description model. Generally, we understand a publication as a transaction between the associated authors. The idea therefore is to concern with directed associative relationships among them, to decompose each pattern to its fundamental structure, and to describe the communities by expressive attributes. Finally, we argue that the decomposition supports the management of discovered structures towards the use of adaptive-incremental mind-maps.

cs.DL↗

Correlation of Expert and Search Engine Rankings

In previous research it has been shown that link-based web page metrics can be used to predict experts' assessment of quality. We are interested in a related question: do expert rankings of real-world entities correlate with search engine rankings of corresponding web resources? For example, each year US News & World Report publishes a list of (among others) top 50 graduate business schools. Does their expert ranking correlate with the search engine ranking of the URLs of those business schools? To answer this question we conducted 9 experiments using 8 expert rankings on a range of academic, athletic, financial and popular culture topics. We compared the expert rankings with the rankings in Google, Live Search (formerly MSN) and Yahoo (with list lengths of 10, 25, and 50). In 57 search engine vs. expert comparisons, only 1 strong and 4 moderate correlations were statistically significant. In 42 inter-search engine comparisons, only 2 strong and 4 moderate correlations were statistically significant. The correlations appeared to decrease with the size of the lists: the 3 strong correlations were for lists of 10, the 8 moderate correlations were for lists of 25, and no correlations were found for lists of 50.

cs.DL↗

The decline in the concentration of citations, 1900-2007

This paper challenges recent research (Evans, 2008) reporting that the concentration of cited scientific literature increases with the online availability of articles and journals. Using Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, the present paper analyses changes in the concentration of citations received (two- and five-year citation windows) by papers published between 1900 and 2005. Three measures of concentration are used: the percentage of papers that received at least one citation (cited papers); the percentage of papers needed to account for 20, 50 and 80 percent of the citations; and, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index. These measures are used for four broad disciplines: natural sciences and engineering, medical fields, social sciences, and the humanities. All these measures converge and show that, contrary to what was reported by Evans, the dispersion of citations is actually increasing.

physics.soc-ph↗

Peer-review in the Internet age

The importance of peer-review in the scientific process can not be overestimated. Yet, due to increasing pressures of research and exponentially growing number of publications the task faced by the referees becomes ever more difficult. We discuss here a few possible improvements that would enable more efficient review of the scientific literature, using the growing Internet connectivity. In particular, a practical automated model for providing the referees with references to papers that might have strong relationship with the work under review, based on general network properties of citations is proposed.

physics.soc-ph↗

Assembling Actor-based Mind-Maps from Text Stream

For human beings, the processing of text streams of unknown size leads generally to problems because e.g. noise must be selected out, information be tested for its relevance or redundancy, and linguistic phenomenon like ambiguity or the resolution of pronouns be advanced. Putting this into simulation by using an artificial mind-map is a challenge, which offers the gate for a wide field of applications like automatic text summarization or punctual retrieval. In this work we present a framework that is a first step towards an automatic intellect. It aims at assembling a mind-map based on incoming text streams and on a subject-verb-object strategy, having the verb as an interconnection between the adjacent nouns. The mind-map's performance is enriched by a pronoun resolution engine that bases on the work of D. Klein, and C. D. Manning.

cs.CL↗

On Granular Knowledge Structures

Knowledge plays a central role in human and artificial intelligence. One of the key characteristics of knowledge is its structured organization. Knowledge can be and should be presented in multiple levels and multiple views to meet people's needs in different levels of granularities and from different perspectives. In this paper, we stand on the view point of granular computing and provide our understanding on multi-level and multi-view of knowledge through granular knowledge structures (GKS). Representation of granular knowledge structures, operations for building granular knowledge structures and how to use them are investigated. As an illustration, we provide some examples through results from an analysis of proceeding papers. Results show that granular knowledge structures could help users get better understanding of the knowledge source from set theoretical, logical and visual point of views. One may consider using them to meet specific needs or solve certain kinds of problems.

cs.AI↗

Combining Advanced Visualization and Automatized Reasoning for Webometrics: A Test Study

This paper presents a first attempt at performing a precise and automatic identification of the linking behaviour in a scientific domain through the analysis of the communication of the related academic institutions on the web. The proposed approach is based on the paradigm of multiple viewpoint data analysis (MVDA) than can be fruitfully exploited to highlight relationships between data, like websites, carrying several kinds of description. It uses the MultiSOM clustering and mapping method. The domain that has been chosen for this study is the domain of Computer Science in Germany. The analysis is conduced on a set of 438 websites of this domain using all together, thematic, geographic and linking information. It highlights interesting results concerning both global and local linking behaviour.

cs.IR↗

A Web-Based Resource Model for eScience: Object Reuse & Exchange

Work in the Open Archives Initiative - Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI-ORE) focuses on an important aspect of infrastructure for eScience: the specification of the data model and a suite of implementation standards to identify and describe compound objects. These are objects that aggregate multiple sources of content including text, images, data, visualization tools, and the like. These aggregations are an essential product of eScience, and will become increasingly common in the age of data-driven scholarship. The OAI-ORE specifications conform to the core concepts of the Web architecture and the semantic Web, ensuring that applications that use them will integrate well into the general Web environment.

cs.DL↗

Visualization of association graphs for assisting the interpretation of classifications

Given a query on the PASCAL database maintained by the INIST, we design user interfaces to visualize and browse two types of graphs extracted from abstracts: 1) the graph of all associations between authors (co-author graph), 2) the graph of strong associations between authors and terms automatically extracted from abstracts and grouped using linguistic variations. We adapt for this purpose the TermWatch system that comprises a term extractor, a relation identifier which yields the terminological network and a clustering module. The results are output on two interfaces: a graphic one mapping the clusters in a 2D space and a terminological hypertext network allowing the user to interactively explore results and return to source texts.

stat.AP↗

Origins of Modern Data Analysis Linked to the Beginnings and Early Development of Computer Science and Information Engineering

The history of data analysis that is addressed here is underpinned by two themes, -- those of tabular data analysis, and the analysis of collected heterogeneous data. "Exploratory data analysis" is taken as the heuristic approach that begins with data and information and seeks underlying explanation for what is observed or measured. I also cover some of the evolving context of research and applications, including scholarly publishing, technology transfer and the economic relationship of the university to society.

cs.CY↗

Collecting and Preserving Videogames and Their Related Materials: A Review of Current Practice, Game-Related Archives and Research Projects

This paper reviews the major methods and theories regarding the preservation of new media artifacts such as videogames, and argues for the importance of collecting and coming to a better understanding of videogame artifacts of creation, which will help build a more detailed understanding of the essential qualities of these culturally significant artifacts. We will also review the major videogame collections in the United States, Europe and Japan to give an idea of the current state of videogame archives, and argue for a fuller, more comprehensive coverage of these materials in institutional repositories.

cs.DL↗

Anti Plagiarism Application with Algorithm Karp-Rabin at Thesis in Gunadarma University

Plagiarism that is plagiarizing or composition retrieval, opinion, etcetera from other people and makes it is likely composition and opinion him-self. Plagiarism can be considered to be crime because stealing others copyrights. Like action a student copying some part of writings without valid permission from the original writer. In education world, plagiarism perpetrator can get the devil to pay from school/university. Plagiarism perpetrator conceived of plagiator. This thing is possible unable to be paid attention by the side of campus because of limitation from some interconnected factors for example student amounts Gunadarma University reaching thousands and incommensurate to tester amounts or lecturer the side of campus in charge directs problem thesis. In this paper, an application have been developed in order to check and look for 5 type percentage similarity from a thesis with other one at certain part or chapters. Percentage got that is 0%, under 15%, between 15-50%, up to 50% and 100%. So it should be expected that the results could be used by thesis advisor and also thesis examiner from the Student at Gunadarma University.

cs.IT↗

Frozen Footprints

Bibliometrics has the ambitious goal of measuring science. To this end, it exploits the way science is disseminated trough scientific publications and the resulting citation network of scientific papers. We survey the main historical contributions to the field, the most interesting bibliometric indicators, and the most popular bibliometric data sources. Moreover, we discuss distributions commonly used to model bibliometric phenomena and give an overview of methods to build bibliometric maps of science.

cs.DL↗