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We present a program allowing for the construction of a heavy ion Monte Carlo event using a general purpose proton--proton event generator of the users' choice to deliver sub--collisions. In this heavy ion event, one or more jets can be added, again using a jet calculation of the users' choice, allowing for more realistic simulation studies of jets in a heavy ion background.
The LUXE experiment, currently in design and planning, aims to perform analyses of strong-field quantum electrodynamics interactions by colliding the high-quality high-energy EU.XFEL electron beam with a powerful laser. With the ability to collide laser pulses with bunches of $1.5 \times 10^9$ electrons / $1 \times 10^8$ photons at 1Hz, this high-statistics environment presents an opportunity to probe rare interactions in a new parameter space of a novel regime. To do this requires a unique suite of detectors to measure three types of particles, at highly varying fluxes dependent on laser interaction parameters. The detectors measure electrons, positrons, or photons, and balance sensitivity with high dynamic range and hardness to radiation damage. Presented in brief in this note are the function, design, and reconstruction methods of each of these detectors.
The PADME experiment at the DA$Φ$NE Beam-Test Facility (BTF) of the INFN Laboratory of Frascati is designed to search for invisible decays of dark sector particles produced in electron-positron annihilation events with a positron beam and a thin fixed target, by measuring the missing mass of single-photon final states. The presence of backgrounds originating from beam halo particles can significantly reduce the sensitivity of the experiment. To thoroughly understand the origin of the beam background contribution, a detailed Geant4-based Monte Carlo simulation has been developed, containing a full description of the detector together with the beam line and its optical elements. This simulation allows the full interactions of each particle to be described, both during beam line transport and during detection, a possibility which represents an innovative way to obtain reliable background predictions
The various experiments on neutrino oscillation evidenced that neutrinos have indeed non-zero masses but cannot tell us the absolute neutrino mass scale. This scale of neutrino masses is very important for understanding the evolution and the structure formation of the universe as well as for nuclear and particle physics beyond the present Standard Model. Complementary to deducing constraints on the sum of all neutrino masses from cosmological observations two different methods to determine the neutrino mass scale in the laboratory are pursued: the search for neutrinoless double $β$-decay and the direct neutrino mass search by investigating single $β$-decays or electron captures. The former method is not only sensitive to neutrino masses but also probes the Majorana character of neutrinos and thus lepton number violation with high sensitivity. Currently quite a few experiments with different techniques are being constructed, commissioned or are even running, which aim for a sensitivity on the neutrino mass of {\cal O}(100) meV. The principle methods and these experiments will be discussed in this short review.
Standard Model extensions often predict low-mass and very weakly interacting particles, such as the axion. A number of small-scale experiments at the intensity/precision frontier are actively searching for these elusive particles, complementing searches for physics beyond the Standard Model at colliders. Whilst a next generation of experiments will give access to a huge unexplored parameter space, a discovery would have a tremendous impact on our understanding of fundamental physics.
Mass and angular distributions of dijets produced in LHC proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy sqrt(s)=7 TeV have been studied with the ATLAS detector using the full 2011 data set with an integrated luminosity of 4.8/fb. Dijet masses up to 4.0 TeV have been probed. No resonance-like features have been observed in the dijet mass spectrum, and all angular distributions are consistent with the predictions of QCD. Exclusion limits on six hypotheses of new phenomena have been set at 95% CL in terms of mass or energy scale, as appropriate. These hypotheses include excited quarks below 2.83 TeV, colour octet scalars below 1.86 TeV, heavy W bosons below 1.68 TeV, string resonances below 3.61 TeV, quantum black holes with six extra space-time dimensions for quantum gravity scales below 4.11 TeV, and quark contact interactions below a compositeness scale of 7.6 TeV in a destructive interference scenario.
A search for direct chargino production in anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking scenarios is performed in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV using 4.7 fb^-1 of data collected with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. In these models, the lightest chargino is predicted to have a lifetime long enough to be detected in the tracking detectors of collider experiments. This analysis explores such models by searching for chargino decays that result in tracks with few associated hits in the outer region of the tracking system. The transverse-momentum spectrum of candidate tracks is found to be consistent with the expectation from the Standard Model background processes and constraints on chargino properties are obtained.
A search for new physics is performed using events with isolated same-sign leptons and at least two bottom-quark jets in the final state. Results are based on a sample of proton-proton collisions collected at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with the CMS detector and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 10.5 inverse femtobarns. No excess above the standard model background is observed. Upper limits are set on the number of events from non-standard-model sources and are used to constrain a number of new physics models. Information on acceptance and efficiencies is also provided so that the results can be used to confront an even broader class of new physics models.
In several extensions of the Standard Model, the top quark can decay into a bottom quark and a light charged Higgs boson H+, t to bH+, in addition to the Standard Model decay t to bW. Since W bosons decay to the three lepton generations equally, while H+ may predominantly decay into tau+nu, charged Higgs bosons can be searched for using the violation of lepton universality in top quark decays. The analysis in this paper is based on 4.6/fb of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. Signatures containing leptons (e or mu) and/or a hadronically decaying tau (tau_had) are used. Event yield ratios between e+tau_had and e+mu, as well as between mu+tau_had and mu+e, final states are measured in the data and compared to predictions from simulations. This ratio-based method reduces the impact of systematic uncertainties in the analysis. No significant deviation from the Standard Model predictions is observed. With the assumption that the branching fraction B(H+ to tau+nu) is 100%, upper limits in the range 3.2%-4.4% can be placed on the branching fraction B(t to bH+) for charged Higgs boson masses m(H+) in the range 90-140 GeV. After combination with results from a search for charged Higgs bosons in ttbar decays using the tau_had+jets final state, upper limits on B(t to bH+) can be set in the range 0.8%-3.4%, for m(H+) in the range 90-160 GeV.
A measurement of the ZZ production cross section in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV using data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. In a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb-1 collected in 2011, events are selected that are consistent either with two Z bosons decaying to electrons or muons or with one Z boson decaying to electrons or muons and a second Z boson decaying to neutrinos. The ZZ*->llll and ZZ->llnunu cross sections are measured in restricted phase-space regions. These results are then used to derive the total cross section for ZZ events produced with both Z bosons in the mass range 66 to 116 GeV, sigmaZZtot = 6.7 +-0.7 +0.4-0.3 +-0.3 pb, which is consistent with the Standard Model prediction of 5.89+0.22-0.18 pb calculated at next-to-leading order in QCD. The normalized differential cross sections in bins of various kinematic variables are presented. Finally, the differential event yield as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading Z boson is used to set limits on anomalous neutral triple gauge boson couplings in ZZ production.
The relative production rate of $B^{0}_{s}$ and $B^{0}$ mesons is determined with the hadronic decays $B^{0}_{s} \rightarrow D^{-}_{s}π^{+}$ and $B^0 \rightarrow D^{-}K^{+}$. The measurement uses data corresponding to 1.0 fb$^{-1}$ of $pp$ collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV recorded in the forward region with the LHCb experiment. The ratio of production rates, $f_{s}/f_{d}$, is measured to be $0.238 \pm 0.004 \pm 0.015 \pm 0.021 $, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic, and the third theoretical. This is combined with a previous LHCb measurement to obtain $f_{s}/f_{d} = 0.256 \pm 0.020$. The dependence of $f_{s}/f_{d}$ on the transverse momentum and pseudorapidity of the $B$ meson is determined using the decays $B^{0}_{s} \rightarrow D^{-}_{s}π^{+}$ and $B^{0} \rightarrow D^{-}π^{+}$. There is evidence for a decrease with increasing transverse momentum, whereas the ratio remains constant as a function of pseudorapidity. In addition, the ratio of branching fractions of the decays $B^{0} \rightarrow D^{-}K^{+}$ and $B^{0} \rightarrow D^{-}π^{+}$ is measured to be $0.0822 \pm 0.0011 (\textrm{stat}) \pm 0.0025 (\textrm{syst})$.
We study the effects of extended fermion sectors, respecting custodial symmetry, on Higgs production and decay. The resulting protection for the Z->b_L b_L and Z->τ_Rτ_R decays allows for potentially interesting signals in Higgs physics, while maintaining the good agreement of the Standard Model with precision tests, without significant fine-tuning. Although being viable setups on their own, the models we study can particularly be motivated as the low energy effective theories of the composite Higgs models MCHM_5 and MCHM_10 or the corresponding gauge-Higgs unification models. The spectra can be identified with the light custodians present in these theories. These have the potential to describe the relevant physics in their fermion sectors in a simplified and transparent way. In contrast to previous studies of composite models, we consider the impact of a realistic lepton sector on the Higgs decays. We find significant modifications in the decays to τleptons and photons due to the new leptonic resonances. While from a pure low energy perspective an enhancement of the channel pp->h->γγturns out to be possible, if one considers constraints on the parameters from the full structure of the composite models, the decay mode into photons is always reduced. We also demonstrate that taking into account the non-linearity of the Higgs sector does not change the qualitative picture for the decays into τ-leptons or photons in the case of the dominant Higgs production mechanism.
In this paper, we analyze the possible anomalous $tcZ$ coupling effects in the $b \to s $ mediated decays $\bar B \to \bar K^* μ^+ μ^-$ and $B_s \to μ^+ μ^-$. After exploiting the available experimental data, the combined constraints on the anomalous coupling $X_{ct}^L$ are derived. It is found that, the bound on the magnitude $|X_{ct}^L|$ is dominated by the branching ratios of these two decays. Furthermore, one sign-flipped solution is excluded by the longitudinal fraction of $\bar B \to \bar K^* μ^+ μ^-$ at the low dilepton mass region. After considering the combined constraints, for general complex coupling $X_{ct}^L$, the predicted upper bound on $\mathcal B (t \to cZ)$ are compatible with that from the recent CMS direct search. In particular, for the case of real coupling $X_{ct}^L$, the upper bound reads $\mathcal B (t \to cZ)<1.0\times 10^{-4}$, which is much lower than the current CMS bound but still accessible at the LHC. With improved measurements at the LHC, the colser correlations between the $t \to cZ$ and $b \to s$ mediated (semi-) leptonic decays are expected in the near future.
Invariant mass spectra for jets reconstructed using the anti-kt and Cambridge-Aachen algorithms are studied for different jet "grooming" techniques in data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 inverse femtobarns, recorded with the CMS detector in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. Leading-order QCD predictions for inclusive dijet and W/Z+jet production combined with parton-shower Monte Carlo models are found to agree overall with the data, and the agreement improves with the implementation of jet grooming methods used to distinguish merged jets of large transverse momentum from softer QCD gluon radiation.
Limits on the cross-section times branching fraction for neutral Higgs bosons, produced in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV, and decaying to two tau leptons with pseudorapidities between 2.0 and 4.5, are presented. The result is based on a dataset, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 $\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$, collected with the LHCb detector. Candidates are identified by reconstructing final states with two muons, a muon and an electron, a muon and a hadron, or an electron and a hadron. A model independent upper limit at the 95% confidence level is set on a neutral Higgs boson cross-section times branching fraction. It varies from 8.6 pb for a Higgs boson mass of 90 GeV to 0.7 pb for a Higgs boson mass of 250 GeV, and is compared to the Standard Model expectation. An upper limit on $\tanβ$ in the Minimal Supersymmetric Model is set in the $m_{h^0}^\mathrm{max}$ scenario. It ranges from 34 for a CP-odd Higgs boson mass of 90 GeV to 70 for a pseudo-scalar Higgs boson mass of 140 GeV.
A search for the standard model Higgs boson produced in association with a top-quark pair is presented using data samples corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 inverse femtobarns (5.1 inverse femtobarns) collected in pp collisions at the center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV (8 TeV). Events are considered where the top-quark pair decays to either one lepton+jets (t tbar to ell nu q q' b bbar) or dileptons (t tbar to ell(+) nu ell(-) nu b bbar), ell being an electron or a muon. The search is optimized for the decay mode H to b bbar. The largest background to the t tbar H signal is top-quark pair production with additional jets. Artificial neural networks are used to discriminate between signal and background events. Combining the results from the 7 TeV and 8 TeV samples, the observed (expected) limit on the cross section for Higgs boson production in association with top-quark pairs for a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV is 5.8 (5.2) times the standard model expectation.
Generating small sterile neutrino masses via the same seesaw mechanism that suppresses active neutrino masses requires a specific structure in the neutral fermion mass matrix. We present a model where this structure is enforced by a new U(1)' gauge symmetry, spontaneously broken at the TeV scale. In order not to spoil the neutrino structure, the additional fermions necessary for anomaly cancellations need to carry exotic charges, and turn out to form multicomponent cold dark matter. The active-sterile mixing then connects the new particles and the Standard Model---opening a new portal in addition to the usual Higgs- and kinetic-mixing portals---which leads to dark matter annihilation almost exclusively into neutrinos.
Applying the method of light-cone sum rules with photon distribution amplitudes, we compute the subleading-power correction to the radiative leptonic $B \to γ\ell ν$ decay, at next-to-leading order in QCD for the twist-two contribution and at leading order in $α_s$ for the higher-twist contributions, induced by the hadronic component of the collinear photon. The leading-twist hadronic photon effect turns out to preserve the symmetry relation between the two $B \to γ$ form factors due to the helicity conservation, however, the higher-twist hadronic photon corrections can yield symmetry-breaking effect already at tree level in QCD. Using the conformal expansion of photon distribution amplitudes with the non-perturbative parameters estimated from QCD sum rules, the twist-two hadronic photon contribution can give rise to approximately 30\% correction to the leading-power "direct photon" effect computed from the perturbative QCD factorization approach. In contrast, the subleading-power corrections from the higher-twist two-particle and three-particle photon distribution amplitudes are estimated to be of ${\cal O} (3 \sim 5\%)$ with the light-cone sum rule approach. We further predict the partial branching fractions of $B \to γ\ell ν$ with a photon-energy cut $E_γ \geq E_{\rm cut}$, which are of interest for determining the inverse moment of the leading-twist $B$-meson distribution amplitude thanks to the forthcoming high-luminosity Belle II experiment at KEK.