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arXiv2008

An evaluation of Bradfordizing effects

The purpose of this paper is to apply and evaluate the bibliometric method Bradfordizing for information retrieval (IR) experiments. Bradfordizing is used for generating core document sets for subject-specific questions and to reorder result sets from distributed searches. The method will be applied and tested in a controlled scenario of scientific literature databases from social and political sciences, economics, psychology and medical science (SOLIS, SoLit, USB Koeln Opac, CSA Sociological Abstracts, World Affairs Online, Psyndex and Medline) and 164 standardized topics. An evaluation of the method and its effects is carried out in two laboratory-based information retrieval experiments (CLEF and KoMoHe) using a controlled document corpus and human relevance assessments. The results show that Bradfordizing is a very robust method for re-ranking the main document types (journal articles and monographs) in today's digital libraries (DL). The IR tests show that relevance distributions after re-ranking improve at a significant level if articles in the core are compared with articles in the succeeding zones. The items in the core are significantly more often assessed as relevant, than items in zone 2 (z2) or zone 3 (z3). The improvements between the zones are statistically significant based on the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the paired T-Test.

cs.DL↗

arXiv2009

Questions & Answers for TEI Newcomers

This paper provides an introduction to the Text Encoding Initia-tive (TEI), focused at bringing in newcomers who have to deal with a digital document project and are looking at the capacity that the TEI environment may have to fulfil his needs. To this end, we avoid a strictly technical presentation of the TEI and concentrate on the actual issues that such projects face, with parallel made on the situation within two institutions. While a quick walkthrough the TEI technical framework is provided, the papers ends up by showing the essential role of the community in the actual technical contributions that are being brought to the TEI.

cs.DL↗

arXiv2008

Tsallis $q$-exponential describes the distribution of scientific citations - A new characterization of the impact

In this work we have studied the research activity for countries of Europe, Latin America and Africa for all sciences between 1945 and November 2008. All the data are captured from the Web of Science database during this period. The analysis of the experimental data shows that, within a nonextensive thermostatistical formalism, the Tsallis \emph{q}-exponential distribution $N(c)$ satisfactorily describes Institute of Scientific Information citations. The data which are examined in the present survey can be fitted successfully as a first approach by applying a {\it single} curve (namely, $N(c) \propto 1/[1+(q-1) c/T]^{\frac{1}{q-1}}$ with $q\simeq 4/3$ for {\it all} the available citations $c$, $T$ being an "effective temperature". The present analysis ultimately suggests that the phenomenon might essentially be {\it one and the same} along the {\it entire} range of the citation number. Finally, this manuscript provides a new ranking index, via the "effective temperature" $T$, for the impact level of the research activity in these countries, taking into account the number of the publications and their citations.

cs.DL↗

arXiv2008

Content-based and Algorithmic Classifications of Journals: Perspectives on the Dynamics of Scientific Communication and Indexer Effects

The aggregated journal-journal citation matrix -based on the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) of the Science Citation Index- can be decomposed by indexers and/or algorithmically. In this study, we test the results of two recently available algorithms for the decomposition of large matrices against two content-based classifications of journals: the ISI Subject Categories and the field/subfield classification of Glaenzel & Schubert (2003). The content-based schemes allow for the attribution of more than a single category to a journal, whereas the algorithms maximize the ratio of within-category citations over between-category citations in the aggregated category-category citation matrix. By adding categories, indexers generate between-category citations, which may enrich the database, for example, in the case of inter-disciplinary developments. The consequent indexer effects are significant in sparse areas of the matrix more than in denser ones. Algorithmic decompositions, on the other hand, are more heavily skewed towards a relatively small number of categories, while this is deliberately counter-acted upon in the case of content-based classifications. Because of the indexer effects, science policy studies and the sociology of science should be careful when using content-based classifications, which are made for bibliographic disclosure, and not for the purpose of analyzing latent structures in scientific communications. Despite the large differences among them, the four classification schemes enable us to generate surprisingly similar maps of science at the global level. Erroneous classifications are cancelled as noise at the aggregate level, but may disturb the evaluation locally.

physics.data-an↗

arXiv2009

Filtering Microarray Correlations by Statistical Literature Analysis Yields Potential Hypotheses for Lactation Research

Our results demonstrated that a previously reported protein name co-occurrence method (5-mention PubGene) which was not based on a hypothesis testing framework, it is generally statistically more significant than the 99th percentile of Poisson distribution-based method of calculating co-occurrence. It agrees with previous methods using natural language processing to extract protein-protein interaction from text as more than 96% of the interactions found by natural language processing methods to overlap with the results from 5-mention PubGene method. However, less than 2% of the gene co-expressions analyzed by microarray were found from direct co-occurrence or interaction information extraction from the literature. At the same time, combining microarray and literature analyses, we derive a novel set of 7 potential functional protein-protein interactions that had not been previously described in the literature.

cs.DL↗

arXiv2009

Revisiting the Age of Enlightenment from a Collective Decision Making Systems Perspective

The ideals of the eighteenth century's Age of Enlightenment are the foundation of modern democracies. The era was characterized by thinkers who promoted progressive social reforms that opposed the long-established aristocracies and monarchies of the time. Prominent examples of such reforms include the establishment of inalienable human rights, self-governing republics, and market capitalism. Twenty-first century democratic nations can benefit from revisiting the systems developed during the Enlightenment and reframing them within the techno-social context of the Information Age. This article explores the application of social algorithms that make use of Thomas Paine's (English: 1737--1809) representatives, Adam Smith's (Scottish: 1723--1790) self-interested actors, and Marquis de Condorcet's (French: 1743--1794) optimal decision making groups. It is posited that technology-enabled social algorithms can better realize the ideals articulated during the Enlightenment.

cs.CY↗

arXiv2009

Effectively Searching Maps in Web Documents

Maps are an important source of information in archaeology and other sciences. Users want to search for historical maps to determine recorded history of the political geography of regions at different eras, to find out where exactly archaeological artifacts were discovered, etc. Currently, they have to use a generic search engine and add the term map along with other keywords to search for maps. This crude method will generate a significant number of false positives that the user will need to cull through to get the desired results. To reduce their manual effort, we propose an automatic map identification, indexing, and retrieval system that enables users to search and retrieve maps appearing in a large corpus of digital documents using simple keyword queries. We identify features that can help in distinguishing maps from other figures in digital documents and show how a Support-Vector-Machine-based classifier can be used to identify maps. We propose map-level-metadata e.g., captions, references to the maps in text, etc. and document-level metadata, e.g., title, abstract, citations, how recent the publication is, etc. and show how they can be automatically extracted and indexed. Our novel ranking algorithm weights different metadata fields differently and also uses the document-level metadata to help rank retrieved maps. Empirical evaluations show which features should be selected and which metadata fields should be weighted more. We also demonstrate improved retrieval results in comparison to adaptations of existing methods for map retrieval. Our map search engine has been deployed in an online map-search system that is part of the Blind-Review digital library system.

cs.DL↗

arXiv2009

Everyone is a Curator: Human-Assisted Preservation for ORE Aggregations

The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) has recently created the Object Reuse and Exchange (ORE) project that defines Resource Maps (ReMs) for describing aggregations of web resources. These aggregations are susceptible to many of the same preservation challenges that face other web resources. In this paper, we investigate how the aggregations of web resources can be preserved outside of the typical repository environment and instead rely on the thousands of interactive users in the web community and the Web Infrastructure (the collection of web archives, search engines, and personal archiving services) to facilitate preservation. Inspired by Web 2.0 services such as digg, deli.cio.us, and Yahoo! Buzz, we have developed a lightweight system called ReMember that attempts to harness the collective abilities of the web community for preservation purposes instead of solely placing the burden of curatorial responsibilities on a small number of experts.

cs.DL↗

arXiv2009

A Simple Extraction Procedure for Bibliographical Author Field

A procedure for bibliographic author metadata extraction from scholarly texts is presented. The author segments are identified based on capitalization and line break patterns. Two main author layout templates, which can retrieve from a varied set of title pages, are provided. Additionally, several disambiguating rules are described.

cs.DL↗

arXiv2009

ImageSpace: An Environment for Image Ontology Management

More and more researchers have realized that ontologies will play a critical role in the development of the Semantic Web, the next generation Web in which content is not only consumable by humans, but also by software agents. The development of tools to support ontology management including creation, visualization, annotation, database storage, and retrieval is thus extremely important. We have developed ImageSpace, an image ontology creation and annotation tool that features (1) full support for the standard web ontology language DAML+OIL; (2) image ontology creation, visualization, image annotation and display in one integrated framework; (3) ontology consistency assurance; and (4) storing ontologies and annotations in relational databases. It is expected that the availability of such a tool will greatly facilitate the creation of image repositories as islands of the Semantic Web.

cs.DL↗

arXiv2009

Ontology-Based Annotation of Multimedia Language Data for the Semantic Web

There is an increasing interest and effort in preserving and documenting endangered languages. Language data are valuable only when they are well-cataloged, indexed and searchable. Many language data, particularly those of lesser-spoken languages, are collected as audio and video recordings. While multimedia data provide more channels and dimensions to describe a language's function, and gives a better presentation of the cultural system associated with the language of that community, they are not text-based or structured (in binary format), and their semantics is implicit in their content. The content is thus easy for a human being to understand, but difficult for computers to interpret. Hence, there is a great need for a powerful and user-friendly system to annotate multimedia data with text-based, well-structured and searchable metadata. This chapter describes an ontology-based multimedia annotation tool, OntoELAN, that enables annotation of language multimedia data with a linguistic ontology.

cs.DL↗

arXiv2010

Faceted Exploration of Emerging Resource Spaces

Humans have the ability to regcognize the real world from different facets. Faceted exploration is a mechanism for browsing and understanding large-scale resources in information network by multiple facets. This paper proposes an Emerging Resource Space Model, whose schema is a partially ordered set of concepts with subclassOf relation and each resource is categorized by multiple concepts. Emering Resource Space (ERS) is a class of resources characterized by a concept set. ERSes compose a lattice (ERSL) via concept association. A series of exploration operations is proposed to guide users to explore through ERSL with more demanding and richer semantics than current faceted navigation. To fulfill instant response during faceted exploration, we devise an efficient algorithm for mining and indexing ERSL. The proposed model can effectively support faceted exploration in various applications from personal information management to large-scale information sharing.

cs.DB↗

arXiv2009

The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Decennial Report

Eight years after the ADS first appeared the last decadal survey wrote: "NASA's initiative for the Astrophysics Data System has vastly increased the accessibility of the scientific literature for astronomers. NASA deserves credit for this valuable initiative and is urged to continue it." Here we summarize some of the changes concerning the ADS which have occurred in the past ten years, and we describe the current status of the ADS. We then point out two areas where the ADS is building an improved capability which could benefit from a policy statement of support in the ASTRO2010 report. These are: The Semantic Interlinking of Astronomy Observations and Datasets and The Indexing of the Full Text of Astronomy Research Publications.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2009

Visual Conceptualizations and Models of Science

This Journal of Informetrics special issue aims to improve our understanding of the structure and dynamics of science by reviewing and advancing existing conceptualizations and models of scholarly activity. Several of these conceptualizations and models have visual manifestations supporting the combination and comparison of theories and approaches developed in different disciplines of science. Subsequently, we discuss challenges towards a theoretically grounded and practically useful science of science and provide a brief chronological review of relevant work. Then, we exemplarily present three conceptualizations of science that attempt to provide frameworks for the comparison and combination of existing approaches, theories, laws, and measurements. Finally, we discuss the contributions of and interlinkages among the eight papers included in this issue. Each paper makes a unique contribution towards conceptualizations and models of science and roots this contribution in a review and comparison with existing work.

cs.DL↗

arXiv2010

Citation entropy and research impact estimation

A new indicator, a real valued $s$-index, is suggested to characterize a quality and impact of the scientific research output. It is expected to be at least as useful as the notorious $h$-index, at the same time avoiding some its obvious drawbacks. However, surprisingly, the $h$-index is found to be quite a good indicator for majority of real-life citation data with their alleged Zipfian behaviour for which these drawbacks do not show up. The style of the paper was chosen deliberately somewhat frivolous to indicate that any attempt to characterize the scientific output of a researcher by just one number always has an element of a grotesque game in it and should not be taken too seriously. I hope this frivolous style will be perceived as a funny decoration only.

physics.soc-ph↗

arXiv2009

A Recommender System to Support the Scholarly Communication Process

The number of researchers, articles, journals, conferences, funding opportunities, and other such scholarly resources continues to grow every year and at an increasing rate. Many services have emerged to support scholars in navigating particular aspects of this resource-rich environment. Some commercial publishers provide recommender and alert services for the articles and journals in their digital libraries. Similarly, numerous noncommercial social bookmarking services have emerged for citation sharing. While these services do provide some support, they lack an understanding of the various problem-solving scenarios that researchers face daily. Example scenarios, to name a few, include when a scholar is in search of an article related to another article of interest, when a scholar is in search of a potential collaborator for a funding opportunity, when a scholar is in search of an optimal venue to which to submit their article, and when a scholar, in the role of an editor, is in search of referees to review an article. All of these example scenarios can be represented as a problem in information filtering by means of context-sensitive recommendation. This article presents an overview of a context-sensitive recommender system to support the scholarly communication process that is based on the standards and technology set forth by the Semantic Web initiative.

cs.DL↗

arXiv2009

Identifying Influential Bloggers: Time Does Matter

Blogs have recently become one of the most favored services on the Web. Many users maintain a blog and write posts to express their opinion, experience and knowledge about a product, an event and every subject of general or specific interest. More users visit blogs to read these posts and comment them. This "participatory journalism" of blogs has such an impact upon the masses that Keller and Berry argued that through blogging "one American in tens tells the other nine how to vote, where to eat and what to buy" \cite{keller1}. Therefore, a significant issue is how to identify such influential bloggers. This problem is very new and the relevant literature lacks sophisticated solutions, but most importantly these solutions have not taken into account temporal aspects for identifying influential bloggers, even though the time is the most critical aspect of the Blogosphere. This article investigates the issue of identifying influential bloggers by proposing two easily computed blogger ranking methods, which incorporate temporal aspects of the blogging activity. Each method is based on a specific metric to score the blogger's posts. The first metric, termed MEIBI, takes into consideration the number of the blog post's inlinks and its comments, along with the publication date of the post. The second metric, MEIBIX, is used to score a blog post according to the number and age of the blog post's inlinks and its comments. These methods are evaluated against the state-of-the-art influential blogger identification method utilizing data collected from a real-world community blog site. The obtained results attest that the new methods are able to better identify significant temporal patterns in the blogging behaviour.

cs.IR↗

arXiv2009

Information Diffusion in Computer Science Citation Networks

The paper citation network is a traditional social medium for the exchange of ideas and knowledge. In this paper we view citation networks from the perspective of information diffusion. We study the structural features of the information paths through the citation networks of publications in computer science, and analyze the impact of various citation choices on the subsequent impact of the article. We find that citing recent papers and papers within the same scholarly community garners a slightly larger number of citations on average. However, this correlation is weaker among well-cited papers implying that for high impact work citing within one's field is of lesser importance. We also study differences in information flow for specific subsets of citation networks: books versus conference and journal articles, different areas of computer science, and different time periods.

cs.DL↗