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arXiv2011

On the dynamics of unobserved Universe

This article introduces Universal Quantum Relativity which is a simple Theory of Everything. It relies on an ultimate doctrine that is the absence of absolute existence. This generalizes relativity principles up to a mother quantum theory. Then it is applied to the Universe as a unique inseparable quantum system, without external observer, using a no-collapse interpretation of quantum mechanics. Assuming infinite divisibility suffices to explain through a single model the theories of all fundamental interactions: general relativity for gravitation, and the standard model of elementary particle physics for electromagnetism, the weak and strong nuclear interactions.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2012

The chet package

This is a sample produced using chet. This package is inspired by Paul Ginsparg's harvmac, but uses LaTeX2e instead of TeX. The commands provided are to be used as faster alternatives to LaTeX2e's default environments (which can all still be used with chet).

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2011

Theory of Infinitely Extended Particles

The difficulties with which the concept of point-like particles is beset, such as the infinities encountered in the existing theories of elementary particles, suggest a different approach to the study of these particles. Instead of restricting ourselves to the concept of point-like particles, we should extend our investigation to the implication of the concept of particles having infinite extension. Such a particle should consist of a continuous distribution of energy over all space, the energy density tending to zero at infinity. To achieve this aim, we introduce into the theory of general relativity the postulate that the gravitational, electric and nuclear fields are special cases of a more general field. An expression is obtained for the gravitational potential which differs from the usual expression of the potential accepted in general relatvity, and which gives an energy density for the particle at every point of space, the integral of which over all space is equal to the mass of the particle, the greatest part of the mass being concentrated near the center of the spherical pattern constituting the particle. The particle is thus seen to consist of the energy of its field. No infinities are encountered in the integrations. The same result is obtained for a charged particle. The charge density is spread out over all space and the integrals of the charge density and energy density are respectively equal to the charge and mass of the particle. The electric potential this obtained is inserted in Dirac's wave equation, and gives a series of equations of increasing degree, the first of which gives the mass of the muon. When inserted in Dirac's wave equation, this potential gives the values of the masses of baryons. When inserted in the Klein-Gordon equation, this potential gives the values of the masses of mesons.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2011

Impurity Effects on the Nodal Structure of Anisotropic Superconductors

For anisotropic superconductors, the gap function belongs to an irreducible representation of the point group of crystals, which determines the nodal structure of the gap function. Impurity effects on anisotropic superconductors have been treated by the Born or T-matrix approximation by which only a partial sum of the pertutbation series is calculated. Instead, we take into acount all terms of the perturbation series. As a result, we find that the introduction of nonmagnetic impurities does not change the nodal structure in all cases. We also find how to obtain nodes of the gap function and show the list for $O_{h}$, $D_{4h}$, and $D_{6h}$.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2014

A new perspective on renormalization: the scattering transformation

The scattering transformation developed by Mallat is put into the perspective of field theory. It is shown to be a simultaneous transformation of the field and the "time" parameter explicitly used in the definition of path integrals central to the Lagrangian approach and in the definition of the "time" ordered products used in the Hamiltonian (or canonical) approach. This transformation preserves the form of the S-matrix as "time" ordered products. The transformed "time" coordinate is the inverse "time" scale. This is traditionally the UV cutoff or renormalization parameter in standard approaches to renormalization. The critical calculation will be the determination of the form of the effective action in this transformed coordinate system. This action will now be expressed as an integral of a Lagrangian density that is a function of the renormalization parameter or transformed "time". Other symmetries of the action can be explicitly built into the transformation. It will be demonstrated on a simple 1D $ϕ^4$ field theory. This non-perturbative approach has great potential in possibly being used to renormalize quantum gravity and obtaining expressions for the strongly coupled limit of QCD.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2013

Metric-first & entropy-first surprises

Established idea-sets don't update seamlessly. The tension between new and old views of nature is e.g. documented in Galileo's dialogs and now present in many fields. However the science of Bayesian model-selection has made recent strides in both life & physical sciences, in effect suggesting that we look to models which are quantitatively {\em surprised least} by present-day observations. We illustrate the relevance of this to physics-education with a qualitative look at two paradigm-shifts, namely from {\bf Lorentz-transform to metric-equation} descriptions of motion in space-time, and from {\bf classical to statistical thermodynamics} with help from Boltzmann's choice-multiplicity & Shannon's uncertainty. Connections of the latter to {\bf correlation measures} behind available-work, evolving complexity, and model-selection relevant to physics undergrads are also explored. New strategies are exemplified with Appendices {\em for teachers} on: anyspeed traffic-laws & 3-vector velocity-addition, the energy-momentum half-plane lost to finite lightspeed, the modern distinction between proper & geometric accelerations, metric-first kinematics with acceleration & differential-aging, quantifying risk with a handful of coins, effective number of choices, available work in bits, reversible-thermalization of life's power-stream, and choice-multiplicity measures of layered complex-system health.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2011

Objects Moving along Closed Timelike Curves belong to Proper Classes

According to the set theory, we prove that objects moving along closed timelike curves (CTCs) should belong to proper classes, but never to any set. Particles in a set have to change own some properties when they come into a CVC in order to become the objects in a proper class.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2013

The Universal Arrow of Time II: Quantum mechanics case

This paper is a natural continuation of our previous paper arXiv:1011.4173 . We illustrated earlier that in classical Hamilton mechanics, for overwhelming majority of real chaotic macroscopic systems, alignment of their thermodynamic time arrows occurs because of their low interaction. This fact and impossibility to observe entropy decrease at introspection explain the second law of thermodynamics. The situation in quantum mechanics is even a little bit easier: all closed systems of finite volume are periodic or nearly periodic. The proof in quantum mechanics is in many respects similar to the proof in classical Hamilton mechanics - it also uses small interaction between subsystems and impossibility to observe entropy decrease at introspection. However, there are special cases which were not found in the classical mechanics. In these cases one microstate corresponds to a set of possible macrostates (more precisely, their quantum superposition). Consideration of this property with use of decoherence theory and taking into account thermodynamic time arrows will introduce new outcomes in quantum mechanics. It allows to resolve basic paradoxes of quantum mechanics: (a) to explain the paradox of wave packet reduction at measurements when an observer is included in the system (introspection) (paradox of the Schrodinger cat); (b) to explain unobservability of superposition of macroscopic states by an external observer in real experiments (paradox of Wigner's friend); (c) to prove full equivalence of multi-world and Copenhagen interpretations of quantum mechanics; (d) to explain deviations from the exponential law at decay of particles and pass from one energy level to another (paradox of a kettle which will never begin to boil).

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2013

The Universal Arrow of Time III-IV:(Part III) Nonquantum gravitation theory (Part IV) Quantum gravitation theory

The paper consists of the two independent papers - the first one about Nonquantum Gravitation theory, the second one about Quantum Gravitation theory (Part III: Nonquantum Gravitation theory) The first paper is dealing with the analysis of general relativity theory (theory of gravitation) from the point of view of thermodynamic time arrow. Within this framework "informational paradox" for black holes and "paradox with the grandfather" for time travel "wormholes" are resolved. (Part IV: Quantum gravitation theory) The second paper is dealing with the analysis of quantum gravitation theory from the point of view of thermodynamic time arrow. Within this framework "informational paradox" for black holes and "paradox with the grandfather" for time travel "wormholes", black stars, Penrose's project of new quantum gravitation theory, anthropic principle are considered.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2011

Thermal processes generated in quark-gluon plasma by yoctosecond laser pulses

In this paper the thermal processes generated by yoctosecond (10-24 s) laser pulses in QGP are investigated. Considering that the relaxation time in QGP is of the order of 1 ys it is shown that in QGP the yoctosecond laser pulses can generate the thermal waves with velocity v = c (0.3 fm/ys). Key words: QGP, thermal waves, yoctosecond pulses

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2014

Milne Quantum-Universe Redshift-Luminosity Correlation

Milne`s classical homogeneous-universe cosmology predicts a product of Hubble constant with luminosity distance that equals z + z2/2, where z is redshift. Supernova-data are consistent with this relation, supporting quantum-theoretic considerations that reveal Milne`s universe as "non-empty".

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2012

Common physical mechanism for integer and fractional quantum Hall effects

Integer and fractional quantum Hall effects were studied with different physics models and explained by different physical mechanisms. In this paper, the common physical mechanism for integer and fractional quantum Hall effects is studied, where a new unified formulation of integer and fractional quantum Hall effect is presented. Firstly, we introduce a 2-dimensional ideal electron gas model in the presence of strong magnetic field with symmetry gauge, and the transverse electric filed $\varepsilon_2$ is also introduced to balance Lorentz force. Secondly, the Pauli equation is solved where the wave function and energy levels is given explicitly. Thirdly, after the calculation of the degeneracy density for 2-dimensional ideal electron gas system, the Hall resistance of the system is obtained, where the quantum Hall number $ν$ is introduced. It is found that the new defined $ν$, called filling factor in the literature, is related to radial quantum number n and angular quantum number $|m|$, the different $n$ and $|m|$ correspond to different $ν$. This provides unification explaination for integer and fractional quantum Hall effects. It is predicated that more new cases exist of fractional quantum Hall effects without the concept of fractional charge.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2013

Semi-Empirical Flavor Mixing Phenomenology and T2K Theta_13 Data

Stimulated by recent T2K indications on a surprisingly large neutrino mixing theta_13 angle we suggest that this last unknown angle is not independent but determined by the known large solar and atmospheric neutrino oscillation angles via simple, symmetric, positive-definite equation. Encouragingly, it appears in agreement with recent new long base-line appearance nu-mu to nu-e neutrino oscillation T2K data. At zero approximation this equation determines benchmark bimaximal neutrino mixing matrix as its unique solution with one texture zero. Extension to quark mixing angles leads to definite equation with unit mixing matrix as sole solution. All six realistic neutrino and quark mixing angles are explicitly expressed as small deviations from the zero approximation benchmark ones by one small empirical universal parameter. Thus in the considered semi-empirical flavor phenomenology the system of two related neutrino and quark equations is the source of the known main empirical rule of 'large neutrino mixing angles versus small quark ones' as well as other particle mixing regularities.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2013

The Universal Arrow of Time V-VI: (Part V) Unpredictable dynamics (Part VI) Future of artificial intelligence - Art, not Science: Practical Application of Unpredictable Systems

The paper consists of the two independent papers:(Part V) We see that exact equations of quantum and classical mechanics describe ideal dynamics which is reversible and leads to Poincare's returns. Real equations of physics describing observable dynamics, for example, hydrodynamic equations of viscous fluid, are irreversible and exclude Poincare's returns to the initial state. Besides, these equations describe systems in terms of macroparameters or phase distribution functions of microparameters. For many systems introduction of macroparameters that allow exhaustive describing of dynamics of the system is impossible. Their dynamics becomes unpredictable in principle, sometimes even unpredictable by the probabilistic way. We will refer to dynamics describing such system as unpredictable dynamics. Dynamics of unpredictable systems is not described and not predicted by scientific methods. Thus, the science itself puts boundaries for its applicability. But such systems can intuitively "understand itself" and "predict" the behavior "of its own" or even "communicate with each other" at intuitive level. (Part VI) Perspective of the future of artificial intellect (AI) is considered. It is shown that AI development in the future will be closer rather to art than to science. Complex dissipative systems whose behavior cannot be understood completely in principle will be the basis of AI. Nevertheless, it will not be a barrier for their practical use.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2011

Exact Solutions: Anisotropic Stars in Terms of Pressure

Dev (2002) discussed some exact solutions of anisotropic stars for special forms of TOV for constant energy density. Considering Bijalwan (2011) ansatz for charged perfect fluids we present here some exact solutions to the generalized TOV equation for anisotropic fluids by representing equation in terms for radial pressure. Consequently, radial pressure is found to be an invertible arbitrary function of w(=c1+c2r^2), where c1 and c2 is nonzero are arbitrary constants, and r is the radius of star, i.e. p=p(w) . We present a general solution for anisotropic fluid in terms for w. We list and discuss some old and new solutions which fall in this category. Consequently, we present solutions for generalized TOV considering different forms of anisotropy factor in terms of w. Also, we investigated solutions of generalized TOV with negative density gradient (NDG).

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2011

(N+2)-Dimensional Anisotropic Charged Fluid Spheres with Pressure: Riccati Equation

General exact (N+2)-dimensional,n>=2 solutions in general theory of relativity of Einstein-Maxwell field equations for static anisotropic spherically symmetric distribution of charged fluid are expressed in terms of radial pressure. Subsequently, metrics (e(lambda) and e(nu)), matter density and electric intensity are expressible in terms of pressure. We extend the methodology used by Bijalwan (2011a, 2011c, 2011d) for charged and anisotropic fluid. Consequently, radial pressure is found to be an invertible arbitrary function of w(c1+c2r^2), where c1 and c2(non zero) are arbitrary constants, and r is the radius of star, i.e. p=p(w) . We present a general solution for static anisotropic charged pressure fluid in terms for w. We reduce to the problem of finding solutions to anisotropic charged fluid to that of finding solutions to a Riccati equation. Also, these solutions satisfy barotropic equation of state relating the radial pressure to the energy density.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2018

Towards a More Well-Founded Cosmology

First, this paper broaches the definition of science and the epistemic yield of tenets and approaches: phenomenological (descriptive only), well-founded (solid first principles, conducive to deep understanding), provisional (falsifiable if universal, verifiable if existential), and imaginary (fictitious entities or processes, conducive to empirically unsupported beliefs). The Big-Bang pardigm and the ΛCDM "concordance model" involve such beliefs: the emanation of the universe out of a non-physical stage, cosmic inflation (invented ad hoc), Λ (fictitious energy), and exotic dark matter. They fail in the confidence check that is required in empirical science. They also face a problem in delimiting what expands from what does not. In the more well-founded cosmology that emerges, energy is conserved, the universe is persistent (not transient) and the 'perfect cosmological principle' holds. Waves and other perturbations that propagate at c (the escape velocity from the universe) expand exponentially with distance. This dilatation results from gravitation. The cosmic web of galaxies does not expand. Potential Φ varies as -H/(cz) instead of -1/r. Inertial forces arise from gravitational interaction with the rest of the universe (not with space). They are increased where the universe appears blueshifted and decreased more than proportionately at very low accelerations. A cut-off acceleration a0 = 0.168 cH is deduced. This explains the successful description of galaxy rotation curves by MoND. A fully elaborated physical theory is still pending. The recycling of energy via a cosmic ocean filled with photons (the CMB), neutrinos and gravitons, and wider implications for science, are briefly discussed.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2011

Regard Renormalization in QED as Functor between Categories

To unify the quantum electrodynamics (QED) under the first principle which brings the renormalization unartificially, we study Feynman diagrams in QED according to the set theory and the category theory. We add the restriction on the electromagnetic interaction that a particle can and only can interact with particles which never interact with onself. Thus, fermiors (lines) in tree diagrams belong to sets, but belong to proper classes when they are in five primitive divergent diagrams. Fermiors, photons, fermior mass and charge compose together categories in which the group product of the local U(1) group and the propr Lorentz group is the morphism. There is the functor projecting the category containing fermiors in tree diagrams into the category containing fermior in divergent diagrams. Because proper classes have not the measure, this functor avoids the restriction of the measure. It can be regarded as the renormalization in QED and all renormalization constants have not a fixed magnitude.

physics.gen-ph↗