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Statistical mechanics of gravitating systems: An Overview

I review several issues related to statistical description of gravitating systems in both static and expanding backgrounds. After briefly reviewing the results for the static background, I concentrate on gravitational clustering of collisionless particles in an expanding universe. In particular, I describe (a) how the non linear mode-mode coupling transfers power from one scale to another in the Fourier space if the initial power spectrum is sharply peaked at a given scale and (b) the asymptotic characteristics of gravitational clustering which are independent of the initial conditions. Numerical simulations as well as analytic work shows that power transfer leads to a universal power spectrum at late times, somewhat reminiscent of the existence of Kolmogorov spectrum in fluid turbulence.

astro-ph↗

Pulsar Navigation in the Solar System

The X-ray Navigation and Autonomous position Verification (XNAV) is tested which use the Crab pulsar under the Space Test Program that use starlight refraction. It provide the way that the spacecraft could autonomously determine its position with respect to an inertial origin. Now we analysis the sensitivity of the exist instrument and the signal process that use radio pulsar navigation and discuss the integrated navigation which use radio pulsar, then give the different navigation mission analysis and design process basically which include the space, the airborne, the ship and the land of the planet or the lunar. Our analysis show that we will have the stability profile (signal-to-noise is 5) that use a 2 meters antenna observe some strong sources of radio pulsar in 36 minutes which based on the today's technology. So the pulsar navigation can give the continuous position in deep space, hat means we can freedom fly successfully in the solar system use celestial navigation that include pulsar and traditional star sensor. It also can less or abolish the dependence to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) which include GPS, GRONSS, Galileo and BeiDou et al.

astro-ph↗

Intensity Scintillation and Astronomical Quantum Observation

Holography is 3D imaging which can record intensity and phase at the same time. The importance of construct hologram is holographic recording and wavefront reconstruction. It is surprised that holography be discovered in study interstellar scintillation for pulsar provide a coherent light source recently. I think that is speckle hologram and speckle interference(i.e. intensity interference), and use modern technique which include phased array,CCD, digital signal processing and supercomputer can achieve that digital and computer holography from radio to X-ray astronomy. This means we can use it to image the universe and beyond the limited of telescope for cosmos provide much coherent light from pulsar,maser, black hole to 21cm recombination line. It gives a probe to the medium of near the black hole et al. From those coherent light sources in the sky, we can uncover one different universe that through astronomical quantum observation which use intensity interference.

astro-ph↗

Emergent Electroweak Gravity

We show that any massive cosmological relic particle with small self-interactions is a super-fluid today, due to the broadening of its wave packet, and lack of any elastic scattering. The WIMP dark matter picture is only consistent its mass $M \gg M_{\rm Pl}$ in order to maintain classicality. The dynamics of a super-fluid are given by the excitation spectrum of bound state quasi-particles, rather than the center of mass motion of constituent particles. If this relic is a fermion with a repulsive interaction mediated by a heavy boson, such as neutrinos interacting via the $Z^0$, the condensate has the same quantum numbers as the vierbein of General Relativity. Because there exists an enhanced global symmetry $SO(3,1)_{space}\times SO(3,1)_{spin}$ among the fermion's self-interactions broken only by its kinetic term, the long wavelength fluctuation around this condensate is a Goldstone graviton. A gravitational theory exists in the low energy limit of the Standard Model's Electroweak sector below the weak scale, with a strength that is parametrically similar to $G_N$.

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Rings, spirals and manifolds

Two-armed, grand design spirals and inner and outer rings in barred galaxies can be due to orbits guided by the manifolds emanating from the vicinity of the L1 and L2 Lagrangian points, located at the ends of the bar. We first summarise the necessary theoretical background and in particular we describe the dynamics around the unstable equilibrium points in barred galaxy models, and the corresponding homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits. We then discuss two specific morphologies and the circulation of material within the corresponding manifolds. We also discuss the case where mass concentrations at the end of the bar can stabilise the L1 and L2 and the relevance of this work to the gas concentrations in spirals and rings.

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Hard (State) Problems

For microquasars, the one time when these systems exhibit steady and powerful jets is when they are in the hard state. Thus, our understanding of this state is key to learning about the disk/jet connection. Recent observational and theoretical results have led to questions about whether we really understand the physical properties of this state, and even our basic picture of this state is uncertain. Here, I discuss some of the recent developments and possible problems with our understanding of this state. Overall, it appears that the strongest challenge to the standard truncated disk picture is the detection of broad iron features in the X-ray spectra, and it seems that either there is a problem with the truncated disk picture or there is a problem with the relativistic reflection models used to explain the broad iron features.

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Unveiling the dominant gas heating mechanism in local LIRGs and ULIRGs

We show preliminary results from a sample of Luminous and Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxies (LIRGs and ULIRGs, respectively) in the local universe, obtained from observations using the Very Large Array (VLA), the Multi-Element Radio Link Interferometer Network (MERLIN), and the European VLBI Network (EVN). The main goal of our high-resolution, high-sensitivity radio observations is to unveil the dominant gas heating mechanism in the central regions of local (U)LIRGs. The main tracer of recent star-formation in (U)LIRGs is the explosion of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe), which are the endproducts of the explosion of massive stars and yield bright radio events. Therefore, our observations will not only allow us to answer the question of the dominant heating mechanism in (U)LIRGs, but will yield also the CCSN rate and the star-formation rate (SFR) for the galaxies of the sample.

astro-ph↗

What did we learn from the extremely bright gamma ray bursts 990123 and 080319B?

The two brightest and so far the best studied gamma ray bursts (GRBs), 990123 and 080319B, were ordinary, highly collimated GRBs produced in a core collapse supernova explosion within a high-density wind environment and observed from a very near-axis viewing angle. Inverse Compton scattering (ICS) and synchrotron radiation (SR), the two dominant radiation mechanisms in the cannonball (CB) model of GRBs, together with the burst environment, provide a very simple and sufficiently accurate description of the multiwavelength lightcurves of their prompt and afterglow emissions.

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Does the Universe Have a Handedness?

In this article I extend an earlier study of spiral galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to investigate whether the universe has an overall handedness. A preference for spiral galaxies in one sector of the sky to be left-handed or right-handed spirals would indicate a parity-violating asymmetry in the overall universe and a preferred axis. The previous study used 2616 spiral galaxies with redshifts <0.04 and identified handedness. The new study uses 15872 with redshifts <0.085 and obtains very similar results to the first with a signal exceeding 5 sigma, corresponding to a probability of 2.5x10-7 for occurring by chance. The axis of the dipole asymmetry lies at approx. (l, b) =(32d,69d), roughly along that of our Galaxy and close to the so-called "Axis of Evil".

astro-ph↗

Study of positrons from cosmic rays interactions and cold dark matter annihilations in the galactic environment

Positron and electron cosmic rays provide a complementary way to study the galactic environment. The actual cosmic rays experiments, for instance PAMELA and HEAT, have presented very exciting results in this field. The observed positron fraction appears larger than the actual theoretical predictions for energies larger than 10 GeV. The indirect evidences of Dark Matter in connection with Beyond the Standard Model theories would suggest the existence of an extra contribution present in the cosmic ray signal. We study and calculate the positron signal produced by the annihilation of a generic Dark Matter candidate. Especially, We analyze typical annihilation signatures and the impact of CR propagation physics on the positron signal. In addition, we study the positron signal related to spallation processes between nuclei cosmic--rays and the interstellar gas. We analyze the effects of uncertainties present in nuclear cross section, nuclei cosmic--ray and CR propagation physics. The propagation of positrons is modeled according to the Two--Zone Propagation Model which has been successfully tested in the study of nuclei cosmic--ray and present an analytical approach to study the cosmic--ray physics.

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Black Holes Admitting Strong Resonant Phenomena

High-frequency twin peak quasiperiodic oscillations (QPOs) are observed in four microquasars, i.e., Galactic black hole binary systems, with frequency ratio very close to 3:2. In the microquasar GRS 1915+105, the structure of QPOs exhibits additional frequencies, and more than two frequencies are observed in the Galaxy nuclei Sgr A*, or in some extragalactic sources (NGC 4051, MCG-6-30-15 and NGC 5408 X-1). The observed QPOs can be explained by a variety of the orbital resonance model versions assuming resonance of oscillations with the Keplerian frequency or the vertical epicyclic frequency, and the radial epicyclic frequency, or some combinations of these frequencies. Generally, different resonances could arise at different radii of an accretion disc. However, we have shown that for special values of dimensionless black hole spin strong resonant phenomena could occur when different resonances can be excited at the same radius, as cooperative phenomena between the resonances may work in such situations. The special values of black hole spin are determined for triple frequency ratio sets ν_{K} : ν_θ : ν_{r} = s:t:u with s, t, u being small integers. The most promising example of such a special situation arises for black holes with extraordinary resonant spin a = 0.983 at the radius r = 2.395 M, where ν_{K} : ν_θ : ν_{r} = 3:2:1. We also predict that when combinations of the orbital frequencies are allowed, QPOs with four frequency ratio set 4:3:2:1 could be observed in the field of black holes with a = 0.866, 0.882 and 0.962. Assuming the extraordinary resonant spin a = 0.983 in Sgr A*, its QPOs with observed frequency ratio very close to 3:2:1 imply the black hole mass in the interval 4.3 x 10^6 M_sun < M < 5.4 x 10^6 M_sun, in agreement with estimates given by other, independent, observations.

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Nodeless differentially rotational Alfvén oscillations of crustal solid-state plasma in quaking neutron star

The two-component, core-crust, model of a neutron star with homogenous internal and dipolar external magnetic field is studied responding to quake-induced perturbation by substantially nodeless differentially rotational Alfvén oscillations of the perfectly conducting crustal matter about axis of fossil magnetic field frozen in the immobile core. The energy variational method of the magneto-solid-mechanical theory of a viscoelastic perfectly conducting medium pervaded by magnetic field is utilized to compute the frequency and lifetime of nodeless torsional vibrations of crustal solid-state plasma about the dipole magnetic-moment axis of the star. It is found that obtained two-parametric spectral formula for the frequency of this toroidal Alfven mode provides fairly accurate account of rapid oscillations of the X-ray flux during the flare of SGR 1806-20 and SGR 1900+14, supporting the investigated conjecture that these quasi-periodic oscillations owe its origin to axisymmetric torsional oscillations predominately driven by Lorentz force of magnetic field stresses in the finite-depth crustal region of the above magnetars.

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Quantum Black Holes As Elementary Particles

Are black holes elementary particles? Are they fermions or bosons? We investigate the remarkable possibility that quantum black holes are the smallest and heaviest elementary particles. We are able to construct various fundamental quantum black holes: the spin-0, spin 1/2, spin-1, and the Planck-charge cases, using the results in general relativity. Quantum black holes in the neighborhood of the Galaxy could resolve the paradox posed by the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin limit on the energy of cosmic rays from distant sources. They could also play a role as dark matter in cosmology.

gr-qc↗

Radial distance on a stationary frame in a homogeneous and isotropic universe

This paper presents a physical distance to all radial events in a homogeneous and isotropic universe as a transform from Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) coordinates, the model that solves the Einstein Field equation for an ideal fluid. Any well behaved transform is also a solution. The problem is relating the coordinates of the transform to observables. In the present case the objective is to find T,R on a stationary frame that has the R be a physical observable for all distances. We do this by working backwards, assuming the form of the metric that we desire, with some undetermined coefficients. These coefficients are then related to the partial derivatives of the transform. The transformed coordinates T,R are found by the integration of partial differential equations in the FLRW variables. We show that dR has the same units as the radial differential of the FLRW metric, which makes it observable. We develop a criterion for how close the transformed T comes to an observable time. Close to the space origin at the present time, T also becomes physical, so that the stationary acceleration becomes Newtonian. We show that a galactic point on a R,T plot starts close to the space origin at the beginning, moves out to a physical distance and finite time where it can release light that will be seen at the origin at the present time. Lastly, because the observable R has a finite limit at a finite T for t = 0 where the galactic velocity approaches the light speed, we see that the universe filled with an ideal fluid as seen on clocks and rulers on the stationary frame has a finite extent like that of an expanding empty universe, beyond which are no galaxies and no space.

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An anisotropic cosmological model with isotropic background radiation

We present an exact solution of Einstein equations that describes a Bianchi type III spacetime with conformal expansion. The matter content is given by an anisotropic scalar field and two perfect fluids representing dust and isotropic radiation. Based on this solution, we construct a cosmological model that respects the evolution of the scale factor predicted in standard cosmology.

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Scenario of Accelerating Universe from the Phenomenological Λ- Models

Dark matter, the major component of the matter content of the Universe, played a significant role at early stages during structure formation. But at present the Universe is dark energy dominated as well as accelerating. Here, the presence of dark energy has been established by including a time-dependent $Λ$ term in the Einstein's field equations. This model is compatible with the idea of an accelerating Universe so far as the value of the deceleration parameter is concerned. Possibility of a change in sign of the deceleration parameter is also discussed. The impact of considering the speed of light as variable in the field equations has also been investigated by using a well known time-dependent $Λ$ model.

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Analytic calculations of the spectra of ultra-high energy cosmic ray nuclei. I. The case of CMB radiation

We present a systematic study of different methods for the analytic calculation of ultra-high energy nuclei diffuse spectra. Nuclei propagating in the intergalactic space are photo-disintegrated and decrease their Lorentz factor due to the interaction with cosmic microwave background and extragalactic background light. We calculate the evolution trajectories in the backward time, that describe how atomic mass number $A$ and Lorentz factor $Γ$ change with redshift $z$. Three methods of spectra calculations are investigated and compared: {\it (i)} trajectory method, {\it(ii)} kinetic equation combined with trajectory calculations and {\it (iii)} coupled kinetic equations. We believe that these three methods exhaust at least the principal possibilities for any analytic solution of the problem. In the most straightforward method {\it(i)} only trajectory calculations are used to connect the observed nuclei flux with the production rate of primary (accelerated) nuclei $A_0$. In the second method {\it (ii)} the flux (space density) of primary nuclei, and secondary nuclei and protons are calculated with the help of kinetic equation and trajectories are used only to determine the generation rates of these nuclei. The third method {\it (iii)} consists in solving the complete set of coupled kinetic equations, written starting with primary nuclei $A_0$, then for $A_0-1$ etc down to the $A$ of interest. The solution of the preceding equation gives the generation rate for the one which follows. An important element of the calculations for all methods is the systematic use of Lorentz factor instead of energy. We consider here the interaction of nuclei only with the cosmic microwave background, this case is particularly suitable for understanding the physical results.

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