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arXiv2012

Quadratic Gravitational Lagrangian with Torsion Can Give Possible Explanations of the Form of Galactic Rotation Curves, of the Amount of Intergalactic Lensings, and of the Accelerating Expansion of the Universe

The Quadratic Gravitational Lagrangian with torsion provides us with a richer number of solutions than the Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian does. With proper interpretation, these solutions, together, seem to give good explanations of the form of the galactic rotation curves, of the amount of intergalactic gravitational lensings, and of the accelerating expansion of the Universe. The existence of Particle Families can also arise from the existence of these various microscopic metrics endowed to the respective particles

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2011

New Linear Theory of Hydrodynamic Instability of the Hagen-Poiseuille Flow

New condition Re>Re_th_min=124 of linear (exponential) instability of the Hagen-Poisseuille (HP) with respect to extremely small by magnitude axially-symmetric disturbances of the tangential component of the velocity field is obtained. For this, disturbances must necessarily have quasi-periodic longitude variability (not representable as a Fourier series or integral) along the pipe axis that complies with experimental data and differs from the usually considered idealized case of pure periodic disturbances for which HP flow is stable for arbitrary large Reynolds numbers Re. Obtained minimal threshold Reynolds number is related to the spatial structure of disturbances (having two radial modes with non-commensurable longitudinal periods) in which irrational value p=1.58 of the ratio of the two longitudinal periods is close to the value of the "golden ratio" equal to 1.618.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2012

New physics for superluminal particles

In this paper, we consider the apparent superluminal speed of neutrinos in their travel from CERN to Gran Susso, as measured by the OPERA experiment, within the framework of the Extended Lorentz Transformation Model. The model is based on a natural extension of Lorentz transformation by wick rotation. Scalar and Dirac's fields are considered and invariance under the new lorentz group is discussed. Moreover, an extension of quantum mechanics to accommodate new particles is considered using the newly proposed Generalized-$\mathbb{C}$ quantum mechanics. A two dimensional representation of the new Dirac's equation is therefore formulated and its solution is calculated.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2012

Scale-Free Growing Networks and Gravity

We propose a possible relation between complex networks and gravity. Our guide in our proposal is the power-law distribution of the node degree in network theory and the information approach to gravity. The established bridge may allow us to carry geometric mathematical structures, which are considered in gravitational theories, to probabilistic aspects studied in the framework of complex networks and vice versa.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2012

An Introduction to the Theory of Tachyons

The theory of relativity, which was proposed in the beginning of the 20th century, applies to particles and frames of reference whose velocity is less than the velocity of light. In this paper we shall show how this theory can be extended to particles and frames of reference which move faster than light.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2013

Solution of the relativistic bound state problem for hadrons

A second order extension of the QED Lagrangian (including boson-boson coupling) has been used to describe q\bar q hadrons. Assuming massless elementary fermions (quantons) this results in a finite theory without open parameters, which may be regarded as a fundamental description of the strong interaction. Two potentials are deduced, a boson-exchange potential and one, which can be identified with the known confinement potential in hadrons. This formalism has been applied the mesonic systems omega(782), Phi(1020), J/psi(3097) and Upsilon(9460), for which a good description is obtained. The most important results are: 1. The confinement of hadrons is not due to colour, but is a general property of relativistic bound states. 2. Massive quarks in the Standard Model (QCD) are understood as effective fermions with a mass given by the binding energy in the boson-exchange potential.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2020

Unified Description of Matrix Mechanics and Wave Mechanics II

In this article, we discard the bra-ket notation and its correlative definitions, given by Paul Dirac. The quantum states are only described by the wave functions. The fundamental concepts and definitions in quantum mechanics is simplified. The operator, wave functions and square matrix are represented in the same expression which directly corresponds to the system of equations without additional introduction of the matrix representation of operator. It can make us to convert the operator relations into the matrix relations. According to the relations between the matrices, the matrix elements will be determined. Furthermore, the first order differential equations will be given to find the solution of equations. As a result, we unified the descriptions of the matrix mechanics and the wave mechanics.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2012

Effects of the Sun's time-retarded gravitational field on the orbital motions of Mercury and Halley's Comet

The neoclassical causal version for Newton's acausal gravitational theory explains exactly the anomalous speed-changes observed for six Earth flybys and an anomalous lunar orbital speed-change (arXiv:1105.3857v10). This article estimates the effects of the neoclassical causal theory on the orbital motions of two objects revolving around the Sun, Mercury and Halley's Comet. The change in the period for Mercury is predicted to be about +1.86 ms per year, and the predicted change in the angle for perihelion is -0.032 arc seconds per century, for which the magnitude is negligible compared with the relativistic advance of +43 arc seconds per century. The period for Halley's Comet, 75.3 years, is predicted to decrease by about 10 minutes. Therefore, the neoclassical causal theory does not conflict with general relativity theory, and it is not the cause for a delay of one or two weeks in the return time of Halley's Comet.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2012

Overall empirical formula for mass spectra of leptons and quarks

We present an overall empirical formula that, after specification of its free parameters, describes precisely the mass spectrum of charged leptons and is suggested to reproduce correctly also the mass spectra of neutrinos and up and down quarks (together, twelve masses with eight free parameters are presented). Then, it predicts m_tau = 1776.80 MeV, m_{nu_1} -> 0 eV and m_d = 5.0 MeV, $m_s = 102 MeV, respectively, when the remaining lepton and quark masses, m_e, m_mu, Delta m^2_{21} = m^2_{nu_2}-m^2_{nu_1}, Delta m^2_{32} = m^2_{nu_3}-m^2_{nu_2} and m_u, m_c, m_t, m_b, are taken as an input.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2012

Effect of a relativistic correction to the Coulomb potential on the energy levels of hydrogen atom

Based on classical electrodynamics, it is argued that the Coulomb potential (which is strictly valid for two point charges at rest), commonly used in the study of energy levels of hydrogen atom is not the correct one, because the electron in the hydrogen atom moves with relativistic speeds with respect to the nucleus. Retardation effect has to be considered in accordance with Liénard-Wiechert (or retarded) potential of a moving charge or the relativistic electrodynamics. However, such a consideration introduces a correction to the Coulomb potential, whose quantum mechanical expectation value is estimated at $E_{ret} = - \frac{mc^2α^4}{2n^3(l+1/2)}$, which is of the same order as the fine structure of hydrogen atom and hence added to the standard energy eigenvalue values of H-atom. This correction lifts the $l$-degeneracy in the spectra of H-atom and hence modifies the standard result. The result disturbs the existing agreement between the theory and experiments on H-atom and hence requires further theoretical and experimental re-examination. The implications of this result for the Kepler-problem in general is also discussed in the context of Heaviside's gravity, which seems to offer an alternative explanation for the non-Newtonian perihelion advance of Mercury without invoking the space-time curvature formalism of Einstein's general theory of relativity.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2012

The arrangement field of the space-time points

Arrangement field theory is a theory of everything which describes all particles as different manifestations of an unique field, the gauge field Sp(12,C). All fields (bosons and fermions in three families) fill up the adjoint representation of Lie group Sp(12,C), with quarks and leptons which take the role of gauginos. The theory represents a serious improvement of current Quantum Field Theory and includes some features of String Theory and Loop Gravity. It starts by describing universe as an ensemble of vertices connected by edges, where the existence of an edge is regulated by a quantum amplitude. This implies that universe is made by elementary blocks (atoms of space-time), whose reciprocal positions are determined by a probabilistic law. In such a way, concepts as "near", "far" or "between to" become limited. After a huge number of measurements we can find "far" a particle which first was "near", due to displacement of space-time block where the particle has sat. This occurence is highly improbable nowadays, but it has been the normality just after Big Bang. At that time the universe was made by mini-blocks which have continuously exchanged their positions.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2013

Performance Analysis and Optimization of Dowels in Jointed Concrete Floors

This study examines the performance of traditional round dowels in concrete floors and attempts to optimize the design of dowels through Finite Element (FE) analysis. A new type of Double-Tapered Round (DTR) dowels is proposed, and the performance of DTR dowels is compared to that of traditional cylindrical dowels. Linear Elastic (LE) analysis are performed in Abaqus (v-6.11) order to identify the optimized geometry of DTR dowels that would achieve (1) highest load transfer across adjacent slabs through shear action, and (2) lowest bearing stresses on the concrete. LE analyses are complemented by nonlinear FE analysis. The Riks method available in Abaqus/Standard, coupled with the Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model is used to simulate the degradation of concrete surrounding both DTR the traditional cylindrical dowels. Results obtained show that the use of DTR dowels can reduce bearing stresses at the face of the joint by as much 2.2 times as compared to traditional cylindrical dowels. While adequate load-transfer is a crucial part for the proper performance pavement structures, the load-transfer capacity of DTR dowels was more effective over cylindrical dowels by as far as 116%. In the inelastic range, even after significant concrete degradation and steel yielding, DTR dowels maintained a higher load-transfer capacity than traditional cylindrical dowels, and also presented lower amounts of differential deflections across concrete floors. Finally, damage in the concrete matrix below the dowel was relatively more confined for the case of DTR dowels, as compared to traditional cylindrical dowels.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2012

Some Models of Cyclic and Knot Universes

In this paper, we obtained a class of oscillatory, cyclic and knot type solutions from the non-linear Friedmann equations. This is performed by choosing specific forms of energy density and pressure of matter. All the expressions written here are in dimensionless form. We show that evolutionary path taken by the spatial coordinates in the model follow various knots, specifically trefoil and eight-knots. We provide several examples and plot relevant cosmological parameters in figures. Our cyclic models can be interpreted as a periodic cosmological model, such that early and late time acceleration are unified under the same mechanism.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2012

General relativity and OPERA Experiment

In his paper "A very simple solution to the OPERA neutrino velocity problem" the author J. Manuel Garcia-Islas claims to have very easily solved and explained within the general theory of relativity that OPERA's neutrinos are not traveling faster than the speed of light and the early time arrival is due to the presence of the Earth's gravitational field. In this letter we easily show that the argument by Garcia-Islas does not work. Although it looks that data suggesting that neutrinos can travel faster than light probably resulted from a faulty connection in a GPS timing system, it is important to clarify that, in any case, the general relativistic effect discussed by Garcia-Islas cannot explain the original OPERA's data.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2014

Canonical distribution and incompleteness of quantum mechanics

The paper discusses the physical groundlessness of the models used for the derivation of canonical distribution and provides the experimental data demonstrating the incompleteness of quantum mechanics. The possibility of using statistical ensembles is presented as a consequence of the existence of probabilistic processes which are not accounted for by quantum mechanics. The paper provides a new analytical derivation of canonical distribution for macrosystems which takes into account subquantum processes. The paper discusses the possibility of the experimental study of a probability which is beyond quantum mechanics.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2015

A graphite-prism definition for Avogadro's "integer"

The new International System of Units may let us select an integer value for Avogadro's number. Some might prefer an integer that's divisible by 12, so that an integer number of $^{12}C$ atoms may be associated (to first order) with a gram's mass. For educational and practical reasons it may also help to choose a {\em physically-meaningful} definition within measurement error of the current numeric value. Cubes of diamond face-centered-cubic Si and (much rarer) face-centered-cubic C have been proposed, but these structures do not have naturally-occurring facets (or numbers of atoms generally divisible by 12). We show here that graphite prisms formed by stacking $m$ hexagonal graphene sheets, with $m \equiv 51,150,060$ carbon-12 atoms on each side, are a natural solution that may facilitate generation of precise molar standards as well.

physics.gen-ph↗