Six Conjectures which Generalize or Are Related to Andrica's Conjecture
Six conjectures on pairs of consecutive primes are listed in this paper, together with examples for each case.
math.GM↗
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Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions In q-Fourier Analysis
The prolate spheroidal wave functions, which are a special case of the spheroidal wave functions, possess a very surprising and unique property [6]. They are an orthogonal basis of both $L^2(-1,1)$ and the Paley-Wiener space of bandlimited functions. They also satisfy a discrete orthogonality relation. No other system of classical orthogonal functions is known to possess this strange property. We prove that there are new systems possessing this property in $q$-Fourier analysis. As application we give a new sampling formula with $q^n$ as sampling points, where 0 < q < 1.
math.GM↗
Sylvester's Minorant Criterion, Lagrange-Beltrami Identity, and Nonnegative Definiteness
We consider the characterizations of positive definite as well as nonnegative definite quadratic forms in terms of the principal minors of the associated symmetric matrix. We briefly review some of the known proofs, including a classical approach via the Lagrange-Beltrami identity. For quadratic forms in up to 3 variables, we give an elementary and self-contained proof of Sylvester's Criterion for positive definiteness as well as for nonnegative definiteness. In the process, we obtain an explicit version of Lagrange-Beltrami identity for ternary quadratic forms.
math.HO↗
About the Characteristic Function of a Set
In this paper we give a method, based on the characteristic function of a set, to solve some difficult problems of set theory in undergraduate research.
math.GM↗
A parameterization of the Fermat curves satisfying x^(2N)+y^(2N)=1
Note that the family of closed curves C_N={(x,y)\in R^2;x^(2N)+y^(2N)=1} for N=1,2,3,... approaches the boundary of [-1,1]^2 as N \to \infty. In this paper we exhibit a natural parameterization of these curves and generalize to a larger class of equations.
math.GM↗
Multidimensional cellular automata and generalization of Fekete's lemma
Fekete's lemma is a well known combinatorial result on number sequences: we extend it to functions defined on $d$-tuples of integers. As an application of the new variant, we show that nonsurjective $d$-dimensional cellular automata are characterized by loss of arbitrarily much information on finite supports, at a growth rate greater than that of the support's boundary determined by the automaton's neighbourhood index.
math.GM↗
Ramanujan's Harmonic Number Expansion into Negative Powers of a Triangular Number
An algebraic transformation of the DeTemple-Wang half-integer approximation to the harmonic series produces the general formula and error estimate for the Ramanujan expansion for the nth harmonic number into negative powers of the nth triangular number. We also discuss the history of the Ramanujan expansion for the nth harmonic number as well as sharp estimates of its accuracy, with complete proofs, and we compare it with other approximative formulas.
math.CA↗
Erlangen Program at Large--2: Inventing a wheel. The parabolic one
We discuss parabolic versions of Euler's identity e^{it}=cos t + i sin t. A purely algebraic approach based on dual numbers is known to produce a very trivial relation e^{pt} = 1+pt. Therefore we use a geometric setup of parabolic rotations to recover the corresponding non-trivial algebraic framework. Our main tool is Moebius transformations which turn out to be closely related to induced representations of the group SL(2,R). Keywords: complex numbers, dual numbers, double numbers, linear algebra, invariant, computer algebra, GiNaC
math.GM↗
A short Brownian motion proof of the Riemann hypothesis
We give a short probabilistic (a Brownian motion) proof of the Riemann hypothesis based on some surprising, unexpected and deep algebraic conjecture (MAC in short) concerning the relation between the Riemann zeta $ξ$ and a trivial zeta $ζ_{t}$. That algebraic conjecture was firstly discovered and formulated in [MA]
math.GM↗
On the existence of A-loops with some commutative inner mappings and others of order 2
The existence of A$_ρ$-loops, A$_λ$-loops and A$_μ$-loops that are neither extra loops nor CC-loops such that any two of their inner mappings $R(x,y),L(x,y)$ and $T(x)$ commute while the other one is of order 2 is shown.
math.GM↗
Note Integer Factoring Methods III
The best deterministic unconditionally proven integer factorization algorithms have exponential running time complexities of O(N^(1/4)) arithmetic operations, and conditional on the Riemann hypothesis, there is a deterministic algorithm of exponential running time complexity O(N^(1/5)). This note proposes a new deterministic integer factorization algorithm of deterministic exponential time complexity O(N^(1/6)). Furthermore, an algorithm for decomposing composite integers that have factor differences of the form q - p = (r - 1)N^(1/2) + u, where r > 1 is a fixed parameter, and | u | < N^(1/3), in deterministic logarithmic time and various other results are included.
math.NT↗
Special Fuzzy Matrices for Social Scientists
This book introduces special classes of Fuzzy and Neutrosophic matrices. These special classes of matrices are used in the construction of multi-expert special fuzzy models using FCM, FRM and FRE and their Neutorosophic analogues (simultaneous or otherwise, according to ones need). Using the six basic models, we have constructed a multi-expert multi-model called the Super Special Hexagonal Fuzzy and Neutrosophic model. Given any special input vector, these models can give the resultant using special operations. When coupled with computer programming, these operations can give the solution within a reasonable time period. Such multi-expert multi-model systems are not only a boon to social scientists, but also to anyone who wants to use Fuzzy or Neutrosophic models.
math.GM↗
The generalized Abel-Plana formula with applications to Bessel functions and Casimir effect
One of the most efficient methods for the evaluation of the vacuum expectation values for physical observables in the Casimir effect is based on using the Abel-Plana summation formula. This enables to derive the renormalized quantities in a manifestly cutoff independent way and to present them in the form of strongly convergent integrals. However, applications of the Abel-Plana formula, in its usual form, are restricted by simple geometries when the eigenmodes have a simple dependence on quantum numbers. The author generalized the Abel-Plana formula which essentially enlarges its application range. Based on this generalization, formulae have been obtained for various types of series over the zeros of combinations of Bessel functions and for integrals involving these functions. It has been shown that these results generalize the special cases existing in literature. Further, the derived summation formulae have been used to summarize series arising in the direct mode summation approach to the Casimir effect for spherically and cylindrically symmetric boundaries, for boundaries moving with uniform proper acceleration, and in various braneworld scenarios. This allows to extract from the vacuum expectation values of local physical observables the parts corresponding to the geometry without boundaries and to present the boundary-induced parts in terms of integrals strongly convergent for the points away from the boundaries. As a result, the renormalization procedure for these observables is reduced to the corresponding procedure for bulks without boundaries. The present paper reviews these results. We also aim to collect the results on vacuum expectation values for local physical observables such as the field square and the energy-momentum tensor in manifolds with boundaries for various bulk and boundary geometries.
hep-th↗
Isogonal Conjugacy and Fermat Problems
We consider three types of isogonal conjugacy of two points with respect to a given triangle and characterize any of these types by a geometric equality. As an application to the Fermat problem with positive weights, we prove that in the general case the given weights determine uniquely a point X and the solution to the Fermat problem is the point Y, which is isogonally conjugate of type I to the point X. We obtain a similar characterization of the solution to the Fermat problem in the case of mixed weights as well.
math.GM↗
Symmetries of quadratic forms classes and of quadratic surds continued fractions. Part I: A Poincaré model for the de Sitter world
The problem of the classification of the indefinite binary quadratic forms with integer coefficients is solved introducing a special partition of the de Sitter world, where the coefficients of the forms lie, into separate domains. Every class of indefinite forms, under the action of the special linear group acting on the integer plane lattice, has a finite and well defined number of representatives inside each one of such domains. This property belongs exclusively to rational points on the one-sheeted hyperboloid. In the second part we will show how to obtain the symmetry type of a class as well as its number of points in all domains from a sole representative of that class.
math.NT↗
Symmetries of quadratic forms classes and of quadratic surds continued fractions. Part II: Classification of the periods' palindromes
The continue fractions of quadratic surds are periodic, according to a theorem by Lagrange. Their periods may have differing types of symmetries. This work relates these types of symmetries to the symmetries of the classes of the corresponding indefinite quadratic forms. This allows to classify the periods of quadratic surds and at the same time to find, for an arbitrary indefinite quadratic form, the symmetry type of its class and the number of integer points, for that class, contained in each domain of the Poincare' model of the de Sitter world, introduced in Part I. Moreover, we obtain the same information for every class of forms representing zero, by the finite continue fraction related to a special representative of that class. We will see finally the relation between the reduction procedure for indefinite quadratic forms, defined by the continued fractions, and the classical reduction theory, which acquires a geometrical description by the results of Part I.
math.GM↗
Hexagonal parquet tilings: k-isohedral monotiles with arbitrarily large k
This paper addresses the question of whether a single tile with nearest neighbor matching rules can force a tiling in which the tiles fall into a large number of isohedral classes. A single tile is exhibited that can fill the Euclidean plane only with a tiling that contains k distinct isohedral sets of tiles, where k can be made arbitrarily large. It is shown that the construction cannot work for a simply connected 2D tile with matching rules for adjacent tiles enforced by shape alone. It is also shown that any of the following modifications allows the construction to work: (1) coloring the edges of the tiling and imposing rules on which colors can touch; (2) allowing the tile to be multiply connected; (3) requiring maximum density rather than space-filling; (4) allowing the tile to have a thickness in the third dimension.
cond-mat.other↗
The uniform order convergence structure on ML(X)
The aim of this paper is to set up appropriate uniform convergence spaces in which to reformulate and enrich the Order Completion Method for nonlinear PDEs. In this regard, we consider an appropriate space ML(X) of normal lower semi-continuous functions. The space ML(X)= appears in the ring theory of C(X), and its various extensions, as well as in the theory of nonlinear PDEs. We define a uniform convergence structure on ML(X) such that the induced convergence structure is the order convergence structure. The uniform convergence space completion of ML(X) is constructed as the set of normal lower semi-continuous functions. It is then shown how these ideas may be applied to solve nonlinear PDEs. In particular, we construct generalized solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations in three spatial dimensions, subject to an initial condition.
math.GM↗