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arXiv2007

Complementarity in the Bohr-Einstein Photon Box

The photon box thought experiment can be considered a forerunner of the EPR-experiment: by performing suitable measurements on the box it is possible to ``prepare'' the photon, long after it has escaped, in either of two complementary states. Consistency requires that the corresponding box measurements be complementary as well. At first sight it seems, however, that these measurements can be jointly performed with arbitrary precision: they pertain to different systems (the center of mass of the box and an internal clock, respectively). But this is deceptive. As we show by explicit calculation, although the relevant quantities are simultaneously measurable, they develop non-vanishing commutators when calculated back to the time of escape of the photon. This justifies Bohr's qualitative arguments in a precise way; and it illustrates how the details of the dynamics conspire to guarantee the requirements of complementarity. In addition, our calculations exhibit a ``fine structure'' in the distribution of the uncertainties over the complementary quantities: depending on \textit{when} the box measurement is performed, the resulting quantum description of the photon differs. This brings us close to the argumentation of the later EPR thought experiment.

physics.hist-ph↗
arXiv2007

Dynamical 3-Space: Alternative Explanation of the `Dark Matter Ring'

NASA has claimed the discovery of a `Ring of Dark Matter' in the galaxy cluster CL 0024+17, see Jee M.J. et al. arXiv:0705.2171, based upon gravitational lensing data. Here we show that the lensing can be given an alternative explanation that does not involve `dark matter'. This explanation comes from the new dynamics of 3-space. This dynamics involves two constant G and alpha - the fine structure constant. This dynamics has explained the bore hole anomaly, spiral galaxy flat rotation speeds, the masses of black holes in spherical galaxies, gravitational light bending and lensing, all without invoking `dark matter', and also the supernova redshift data without the need for `dark energy'.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Boltzmann Entropy : Probability and Information

We have presented first an axiomatic derivation of Boltzmann entropy on the basis of two axioms consistent with two basic properties of thermodynamic entropy. We have then studied the relationship between Boltzmann entropy and information along with its physical significance.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Cosmological Coincidence and Dark Mass Problems in Einstein Universe and Friedman Dust Universe with Einstein's Lambda Quantum Cosmology Dark Energy Schroedinger Wave Motion

In this paper, it is shown that the cosmological model that was introduced in a sequence of three earlier papers under the title, A Dust Universe Solution to the Dark Energy Problem can be used to analyse and solve the Cosmological Coincidence Problem. The generic coincidence problem that appears in the original Einstein universe model is shown to arise from a misunderstanding about the magnitude of dark energy density and the epoch time governing the appearance of the integer relation between dark energy and normal energy density. The solution to the generic case then clearly points to the source of the time coincidence integer problem in the Friedman dust universe model. It is then possible to eliminate this coincidence by removing a degeneracy between different measurement epoch times. In this paper's first appendix, a fundamental time dependent relation between dark mass and dark energy is derived with suggestions how this relation could explain cosmological voids and the clumping of dark mass to become visible matter. In this paper's second appendix, it is shown that that dark energy is a conserved with time substance that is everywhere and for all time permeable to the dark mass and visible mass of which the contracting or expanding universe is composed. The last two appendices involve detailed studies of cosmology, quantum dark energy related issues. There are more detailed abstracts given with all four appendices.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Heat transfer in sound propagation and attenuation through gas-liquid polyhedral foams

A cell method is developed, which takes into account the bubble geometry of polyhedral foams, and provides for the generalized Rayleigh-Plesset equation that contains the non-local in time term corresponding to heat relaxation. The Rayleigh-Plesset equation together with the equations of mass and momentum balances for an effective single-phase inviscid fluid yield a model for foam acoustics. The present calculations reconcile observed sound velocity and attenuation with those predicted using the assumption that thermal dissipation is the dominant damping mechanism in a range of foam expansions and sound excitation frequencies.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Negative Matter, Repulsion Force, Dark Matter, Phantom and Theoretical Test ----Their Relations with Inflation Cosmos and Higgs Mechanism

First, dark matter is introduced. Next, the Dirac negative energy state is rediscussed. It is a negative matter with some new characteristics, which are mainly the gravitation each other, but the repulsion with all positive matter. Such the positive and negative matters are two regions of topological separation in general case, and the negative matter is invisible. It is the simplest candidate of dark matter, and can explain some characteristics of the dark matter and dark energy. Recent phantom on dark energy is namely a negative matter. We propose that in quantum fluctuations the positive matter and negative matter are created at the same time, and derive an inflation cosmos, which is created from nothing. The Higgs mechanism is possibly a product of positive and negative matter. Based on a basic axiom and the two foundational principles of the negative matter, we research its predictions and possible theoretical tests, in particular, the season effect. The negative matter should be a necessary development of Dirac theory. Finally, we propose the three basic laws of the negative matter. The existence of four matters on positive, opposite, and negative, negative-opposite particles will form the most perfect symmetrical world.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Two evolutionary lineages: Machiavellian and Bohrian intelligence

Two evolutionary lineages: Machiavellian and Bohrian intelligence Mutation and natural selection are the two most basic processes of evolution, yet the study of their interplay remains a challenge for theoretical and empirical research. Darwinian evolution favors genotypes with high replication rates, a process called survival of the fittest representing lineage of the Machiavellian inteligence. According to quasi-species theory, selection favors the cloud of genotypes, interconnected by mutation, whose average replication rate is highest: mutation acts as a selective agent to shape the entire genome so that is robust with respect to mutation. Thus survival of the flattest and inventivest representing lineage of the Bohrian intelligence at high mutation rates. Quasi-species theory predicts that, under appropriate conditions (high mutation pressure), such a mutation can be fixed in an evolving population, despite its lower replication rate.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Analysis of evidence of Mars life

Gillevinia straata, the scientific name [1, 2] recognizing the first extraterrestrial living form ever nomenclated, as well as the existence of a new biological kingdom, Jakobia, in a new biosphere -Marciana- of what now has become the living system Solaria, is grounded on old evidence reinterpreted in the light of newly acquired facts. The present exposition provides a summary overview of all these grounds, outlined here as follows. A more detailed paper is being prepared for publication.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Why E = mc^2 Emerges in the Process of Neutron Capture

This paper is a short commentary on the 2005 paper in Nature by S. Rainville et al., which claimed to be ``the most precise direct test of the famous equation", E = mc^2. This communication is directed only to the readers who are familiar with the earlier papers by the author on the subject of mass-energy equivalence.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

On a mathematical frame of reference

This papers aims at revisiting Minkowski space-time with a modified outlook and making it more consistent (III.8). The paper scrutinizes the special case of relativistic hypothesis (STR). The paper tries to solve the problems faced by relativistic hypothesis by proposing a purely mathematically formulated reference (and not a frame like aether) frame that suits string theory. Then checking the validity of the frame by applying to various phenomenon and aspects explained by STR; and also its properties when the experimental statistics are taken into account in a homogeneous and isotropic large scale structure of Universe. Further more the paper checks whether introducing the frame solves the problems in STR; then looks into the occurrences of new paradoxes in the frame, if any present.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Suggestions on photons and fermions

In this paper we suggest a configuration of photons consistent with a spin $\hbar$, and a configuration of the fermions coherent with a spin $\hbar/2$. These suggested configurations open the way to further analyses which lead to the following conclusions: - There cannot exist elementary particles of spin $\hbar/2$ with a mass inferior to $1m_e$ or with a radius greater than $1l_e$. - The electrostatic force derives from the centrifugal forces inherent to the spin and are propagated by photons. - The derivation of the electrostatic force explains the existence of positive and negative charges and Coulomb's law. - The enormous differences between the centrifugal forces and the centripetal forces at the surface of the protons give rise to quantic fluctuations of space which generate the energy flows necessary for equilibrium. These energy flows can explain gravitation and the strong force. - The mass of the proton, $m_p$, and the mass of the neutron, $m_n$, must each have a concrete value required for the cohesion of the atomic nuclei. The suggested hypoteses show that the relation $m_n/m_p$ must be very slightly greater than 1.00, and that, by a first approximation, both $m_n$ and $m_p$ must be slightly less than 1851 $m_e$. - There are no "gravitons" and no "gluons"; the "messenger particles" are always the very real photons.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Separation of Bell states

The four Bell states can be represented by separable coherent states which are products of individual non-hermitian spin operators. In the absence of interactions, the non-hermitian states are predicted to form a new quantum state of spin magnitude 1/sqrt(2) rather than 1/2. Properties of these states show that an isolated spin is a resonance state with zero net angular momentum, consistent with a point particle. In addition, the Bell states are shown to take on the identical mathematical form when the two spins are bound (local) or unbound (non-local). The bound Bell states are resonances between four states. When the separate, they do so from only one of its resonance states and their ensemble average defines the unbound Bell states. The bound and unbound Bell states have the same mathematical form due to the persistence of the rotationally invariance of sigma(1)dot sigma(2).

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Zero-point radiation and the Big Bang

This paper develops a cosmological hypothesis based on the following propositions: 1. Zero-point radiation derives from quantic fluctuations in space, and the wavelength of its photons with the greatest energy is inversely proportional to the curvature of space. 2. The Universe began as the breaking in of photons of extremely high energy contained in the 3-dimensional surface: $w^2+x^2+y^2+z^2=R^2_i$, whose radius has continued to expand at the speed of ligth since its origin at $t=0$. 3. The wavelength of the photons is quantized and the quantum of wavelength is invariable. These propositions imply that the value of the total energy of the zero-point radiation in the Universe remains constant and the condition $w^2 + x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = (R_i + ct)^2 = R_u^2$ determines that every point in our space is subject to a tension whose intensity $i$ is proportional to the curvature $1/R_u$. Any increase of $R_u$ implies a decrease in $i$ and consequently an energy flow which translates into an expansive force. Therefore, the Universe will expand indefinitely: no Big Crunch is possible. If the initial radius of the Universe $R_i$ has been smaller than the Schwarzschild radius, $R_s$, which corresponds to the total mass of the Universe, $M_u$, the generation of matter would have lasted for thousands of millions of years. Generation of matter over short periods would have required values for $R_i$ of thousands of millions of light years.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Comment on "Cyclotron resonance study of the electron and hole velocity in graphene monolayers"

In this comment it is pointed out that the electron velocity of the same order as observed in graphene had been measured in GaAs submicron devices long ago. Particle- antiparticle asymmetry related with electron and hole effective masses in graphene seems puzzling as hole in a condensed matter system cannot be treated as anti-electron. It is argued that there should be a universal electrodynamics for QHE and superconductivity. In this context attention is drawn to the new approach based on massless electron and the interpretation that magnetic field represents angular momentum of the photon fluid. Measurement of electron velocity in graphene and GaAs in parallel is suggested for testing the massless electrodynamics.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Realization of an Economical Polymer Optical Fiber Demultiplexer

Polymer Optical Fiber (POF) can be and are being used in various fields of applications. Two of the main fields are the automotive and the home entertainment sector. The POF can be applied in several different optical communication systems as automotive multi-media busses or in-house Ethernet systems. The requirements of bandwidth are increasing very fast in these sectors and therefore solutions that satisfy these demands are of high actuality. One solution is to use the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique. Here, several different wavelengths can carry information over one POF fiber. All wavelengths that are transmitted over the fiber, must be separated at the receiver to regain and redirect the information channels. These separators are so-called Demultiplexers. There are several systems available on the market, which are all afflicted with certain disadvantages. But all these solutions have one main disadvantage, they are all too expensive for most of the applications mentioned above. So the goal of this study is to develop an economical Demultiplexer for WDM transmission over POF. The main idea is to separate the chromatic light in its monochromatic components with the help of a prism with low reciprocal dispersive power. The prism and the other assemblies, which are needed to adjust the optical path, should be manufactured in injection molding technique. This manufacturing technique is a very simple and economical way to produce a mass production applicable Demultiplexer for POF.

physics.optics↗