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arXiv2009

PARISROC, a Photomultiplier Array Integrated Read Out Chip

PARISROC is a complete read out chip, in AMS SiGe 0.35 !m technology, for photomultipliers array. It allows triggerless acquisition for next generation neutrino experiments and it belongs to an R&D program funded by the French national agency for research (ANR) called PMm2: ?Innovative electronics for photodetectors array used in High Energy Physics and Astroparticles? (ref.ANR-06-BLAN-0186). The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) integrates 16 independent and auto triggered channels with variable gain and provides charge and time measurement by a Wilkinson ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) and a 24-bit Counter. The charge measurement should be performed from 1 up to 300 photo- electrons (p.e.) with a good linearity. The time measurement allowed to a coarse time with a 24-bit counter at 10 MHz and a fine time on a 100ns ramp to achieve a resolution of 1 ns. The ASIC sends out only the relevant data through network cables to the central data storage. This paper describes the front-end electronics ASIC called PARISROC.

physics.ins-det↗
arXiv2009

Fods Hadron Calorimeters

There is described the design of the FODS hadron calorimeters, the procedure of the calibration and the results of the calorimeter study with electron and pion beams.

physics.ins-det↗
arXiv2012

Phase Noise in RF and Microwave Amplifiers

Understanding the amplifier phase noise is a critical issue in numerous fields of engineering and physics, like oscillators, frequency synthesis, telecommunications, radars, spectroscopy, in the emerging domain of microwave photonics, and in more exotic domains like radio astronomy, particle accelerators, etc. This article analyzes the two main types of phase noise in amplifiers, white and flicker. White phase noise results from adding white noise to the RF spectrum around the carrier. For a given amount of RF noise added, noise is proportional to the inverse of the carrier power. By contrast, the 1/f coefficient is a constant parameter of the amplifier, in a wide range of carrier power. This fact has amazing consequences on different amplifier topologies. Connecting m equal amplifiers in parallel, flicker is 1/m times that of one device. Cascading m equal amplifiers, flicker is m times that of one amplifier. Recirculating the signal in an amplifier so that the gain increases by a power of m (a factor of m in dB) due to positive feedback (regeneration), which for integer m is similar to the case of m amplifiers, we find that flicker is m^2 times that of the amplifier alone. Starting from the fact that near-dc flicker exists in all electronic devices, although generally not accessible from outside, the simplest model for the 1/f phase noise is that the near-dc 1/f noise phase-modulates the carrier through some parametric effect in the semiconductor. This model predicts the behavior of the (simple) amplifier and of the different amplifier topologies. Numerous measurements on amplifiers from different technologies and frequencies (HF to microwaves), also including some obsolete amplifiers, validate the theory.

physics.ins-det↗
arXiv2010

A quasi-commercial Terahertz detector based on MIR thermopiles

Integrating a thermopile with a low power operational amplifier is an effective and cost-efficient approach to obtain a high performance compact Terahertz power detector. Here we present the development of such an integrated detector, including the fundamental building blocks, the final realization and related characterization. The responsivity and bandwidth of the detector are measured in a standard THz CW setup consisting of a closed cycle helium cryostat and a Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL). The predicted results are compared with measured data, showing a good agreement. Advantages of existing Golay cell THz detectors in both sensitivity and NEP figure vanish, in practical use, due to the enormous increment in dynamic range provided by the linear operation of the thermopile up to 100 mW of incident power while offering a NEP below 1nW/sqrt(Hz) and a -3dB bandwidth of 6,8 Hz.

physics.ins-det↗
arXiv2010

Hadron Fluence Measurements with LiF-TLD Sensors at the Proton Synchrotron Accelerator at CERN

In view of the implementation of beam-monitoring sensors for CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC), and also in order to validate Thermoluminescence Detectors as a versatile tool to measure ionizing radiation doses in mixed fields at hadron colliders such as the LHC, chemical vapor deposition diamond sensors have been evaluated and calibrated at CERN's Proton Synchrotron accelerator. Special attention was paid to understanding whether lithiumfluoride thermoluminescence detectors are suitable as measuring devices in these radiation fields.

physics.ins-det↗
arXiv2010

Performance of wire-type Rn detectors operated with gas gain in ambient air in view of its possible application to early earthquake predictions

We describe a detector of alpha particles based on wire type counters (single-wire and multiwire) operating in ambient air at high gas gains (100-1000). The main advantages of these detectors are: low cost, robustness and ability to operate in humid air. The minimum detectable activity achieved with the multiwire detector for an integration time of 1 min is 140 Bq per m3, which is comparable to that featured by commercial devices. Owing to such features the detector is suited for massive application, for example for continuous monitoring of Rn or Po contaminations or, as discussed in the paper, its use in a network of Rn counters in areas affected by earth-quakes in order to verify, on a solid statistical basis, the envisaged correlation between the sudden Rn appearance and a forthcoming earthquake.

physics.ins-det↗
arXiv2010

The cross-spectrum experimental method

The noise of a device under test (DUT) is measured simultaneously with two instruments, each of which contributes its own background. The average cross power spectral density converges to the DUT power spectral density. This method enables the extraction of the DUT noise spectrum, even if it is significantly lower than the background. After a snapshot on practical experiments, we go through the statistical theory and the choice of the estimator. A few experimental techniques are described, with reference to phase noise and amplitude noise in RF/microwave systems and in photonic systems. The set of applications of this method is wide. The final section gives a short panorama on radioastronomy, radiometry, quantum optics, thermometry (fundamental and applied), semiconductor technology, metallurgy, etc. This report is intended as a tutorial, as opposed to a report on advanced research, yet addressed to a broad readership: technicians, practitioners, Ph.D. students, academics, and full-time scientists.

physics.ins-det↗
arXiv2013

Bacteria Identification by Phage Induced Impedance Fluctuation Analysis (BIPIF)

We present a new method for detecting and identifying bacteria by measuring impedance fluctuations (impedance noise) caused by ion release by the bacteria during phage infestation. This new method significantly increases the measured signal strength and reduces the negative effects of drift, material aging, surface imperfections, 1/f potential fluctuations, thermal noise, and amplifier noise. Comparing BIPIF with another well-known method, bacteria detection by SEnsing of Phage Triggered Ion Cascades (SEPTIC), we find that the BIPIF algorithm is easier to implement, more stable and significantly more sensitive (by several orders of magnitude). We project that by using the BIPIF method detection of a single bacterium will be possible.

physics.ins-det↗
arXiv2010

Stability measurements of microwave frequency synthesis with liquid helium cooled cryogenic sapphire oscillators

We report on the evaluation of microwave frequency synthesis using two cryogenic sapphire oscillators developed at the University of Western Australia. A down converter is used to make comparisons between microwave clocks at different frequencies, where the synthesized signal has a stability not significantly different from the reference oscillator. By combining the CSO with a H-maser, a reference source of arbitrary frequency at X-band can be synthesized with a fractional frequency stability of sub-$4 \times 10^{-15}$ for integration times between 1 s and 10,000 s.

physics.ins-det↗
arXiv2010

EIT-based Vector Magnetometry in Linear Polarized Light

We develop a generalized principle of EIT vector magnetometry based on high-contrast EIT-resonances and the symmetry of atom-light interaction in the linearly polarized bichromatic fields. Operation of such vector magnetometer on the D1 line of 87Rb has been demonstrated. The proposed compass-magnetometer has an increased immunity to shifts produced by quadratic Zeeman and ac-Stark effects, as well as by atom-buffer gas and atom-atom collisions. In our proof-of-principle experiment the detected sensitivity to magnetic field orientation is 10^{-3} deg/Hz^{1/2}, which is limited by laser intensity fluctuations, light polarization quality, and the magnitude of the magnetic field.

physics.atom-ph↗
arXiv2010

Comments on "First Dark Matter Results from the XENON100 Experiment"

The XENON100 collaboration has recently released new dark matter limits, placing particular emphasis on their impact on searches known to be sensitive to light-mass (below 10 GeV/c^2) Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), such as DAMA and CoGeNT. We describe here several sources of uncertainty and bias in their analysis that make their new claimed sensitivity presently untenable. In particular, we point out additional work in this field and simple kinematic arguments that indicate that liquid xenon (LXe) may be a relatively insensitive detection medium for the recoil energies (few keV_r) expected from such low mass WIMPs.

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2010

Lorentz shift measurements in heavily irradiated silicon detectors in high magnetic fields

An external magnetic field exerts a Lorentz force on drifting electric charges inside a silicon strip sensor and thus shifts the cluster position of the collected charge. The shift can be related to the Lorentz angle which is typically a few degrees for holes and a few tens of degrees for electrons in a 4 T magnetic field. The Lorentz angle depends upon magnetic field, electric field inside the sensor and temperature. In this study the sensitivity to radiation for fluences up to 10^16 n/cm^2 has been studied. The Lorentz shift has been measured by inducing ionization with 670 nm red or 1070 nm infrared laser beams injected into the back side of the irradiated silicon sensor operated in magnetic fields up to 8 T. For holes the shift as a function of radiation is increasing, while for electrons it is decreasing and even changes sign. The fact that for irradiated sensors the Lorentz shift for electrons is smaller than for holes, in contrast to the observations in non-irradiated sensors, can be qualitatively explained by the structure of the electric field in irradiated sensors.

physics.ins-det↗
arXiv2011

Behaviour of muonium in synthetic diamond

The probabilities of finding the muon in various states in synthetic single crystal and polycrystalline diamond were studied. In the IIa-type single-crystal sample at 150 K the contributions of the diamagnetic muon, `normal', and `anomalous' muonium were observed to be 1.5 %, 57 % and 8.1 %, respectively. The missing fraction of muon polarization was 33.4 %, which is approximately two times smaller than in the Ia-type natural diamond, and two or three times greater than in the IIa- and IIb-type natural diamonds. The muon spin relaxation rates at the `normal' and `anomalous' muonium states in the synthetic and natural samples of IIa- and IIb-type are similar.

cond-mat.other↗
arXiv2010

ISIS2: Pixel Sensor with Local Charge Storage for ILC Vertex Detector

ISIS (In-situ Storage Imaging Sensor) is a novel CMOS sensor with multiple charge storage capability developed for the ILC vertex detector by the Linear Collider Flavour Identification (LCFI) collaboration. This paper reports test results for ISIS2, the second generation of ISIS sensors implemented in a 0.18 micron CMOS process. The local charge storage and charge transfer were unambiguously demonstrated.

physics.ins-det↗
arXiv2010

The ArDM experiment

The aim of the ArDM project is the development and operation of a one ton double-phase liquid argon detector for direct Dark Matter searches. The detector measures both the scintillation light and the ionization charge from ionizing radiation using two independent readout systems. This paper briefly describes the detector concept and presents preliminary results from the ArDM R&D program, including a 3 l prototype developed to test the charge readout system.

physics.ins-det↗
arXiv2013

Performance test of wavelength-shifting acrylic plastic Cherenkov detector

The collection efficiency for Cherenkov light incident on a wavelength shifting plate (WLS) has been determined during a beam test at the Proton Synchrotron facility located in the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan. The experiment was conducted in order to determine the detector's response to photoelectrons converted from photons produced by a fused silica radiator; this allows for an approximation of the detector's quality. The yield of the photoelectrons produced through internally generated Cherenkov light as well as light incident from the radiator was measured as a function of the momentum of the incident hadron beam. The yield is proportional to sin$^2$$θ_c$, where $θ_{c}$ is the opening angle of the Cherenkov light created. Based on estimations and results from similarly conducted tests, where the collection efficiency was roughly 39%, the experimental result was expected to be around 40% for internally produced light from the WLS. The results of the experiment determined the photon collection response efficiency of the WLS to be roughly 62% for photons created in a fused silica radiator and 41% for light created in the WLS.

nucl-ex↗