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Maxwell equation in geometric algebra formalism with equally weighted basic solutions is subjected to continuously acting Clifford translation. The received states, operators acting on observables, are analyzed with different values of the Clifford translation time factor and through the observable measurement results.
In this paper we show that since we have not observed quarks and gluons outside the hadron due to the confinement of quarks and gluons inside the hadron, the boundary surface term in QCD is at the finite distance which is at the surface of the finite size hadron. Since the boundary surface is at the finite distance we find that the boundary surface term in QCD is non-zero irrespective of the form of the $r$ dependence of the gluon field ${\hat A}_μ^a(t,r)$ and the $r$ dependence of the quark field ${\hat ψ}_i(t,r)$ where $a=1,...,8$ and $i=1,2,3$ are the color indices. We show that this is consistent with the fact that the cluster decomposition property fails in QCD due to confinement.
An eigenvalue equation representing symmetric (dual) quantum equation is introduced. The particle is described by two scalar wavefunctions, and two vector wavefunctions. The eigenfunction is found to satisfy the quantum Telegraph equation keeping the form of the particle fixed but decaying its amplitude. An analogy with Maxwellian equations is presented. Massive electromagnetic field will satisfy a quantum Telegraph equation instead of a pure wave equation. This equation resembles the motion of the electromagnetic field in a conducting medium. With a particular setting of the scalar and vector wavefunctions, the dual quantum equations are found to yield the quantized Maxwell's equations. The total energy of the particle is related to the phase velocity ($v_p$) of the wave representing it by $E=p\,|v_p|$\,, where $p$ is the matter wave momentum. A particular solution which describes the process under which the particle undergoes a creation and annihilation is derived. The force acting on the moving particle is expressed in a dual Lorentz-like form. If the particle moves like a fluid, a dissipative (drag) quantum force will arise.
In this paper, we extend our previous discussion on ontological determinism, non-locality and quantum mechanics to that of the Sarfatti post-quantum mechanics perspective. We examine the nature of quantum equilibrium and non-equilibrium and uncertainty following the Sarfatti description of this theoretical development, which serves to extend the statistical linear unitary quantum mechanics for closed systems to a locally-retrocausal, non-statistical, non-linear, non-unitary theory for open systems. We discuss how the Bohmian quantum potential has a dependence upon the position of its Bell beable and how Complexity mathematics describes the self-organizing feedback between the quantum potential and its beable allowing nonlocal communication.
The name "magneticon" in this paper refers to a magnetically charged spin 1/2 particle predicted by incorporating a symmetry of classical electromagnetism, called dyality symmetry, into a certain model for the structure of point-like fermions. (Actually, it is anticipated that there would be a full spectrum, both hadronic and leptonic, of such magnetically charged particles.) The lightest of these magneticons is anticipated to be leptonic in nature and predicted to have the same magnitude of electromagnetic charge (in Gaussian units) as the electron, except that it is magnetic. Accompanying this spectrum of magnetic fermions, it is suggested that there may also be a second, or magnetic, photon. After a brief introduction, the pair production cross section of magneticons by electron-positron annihilation is derived using a lowest order quantum perturbation approximation suggested by a two-potential Lagrangian form for classical electromagnetism, symmetrized through the use of space-time algebra to include magnetic charge and currents. A discussion of how these ideas might be included in other quantum interactions involving magnetic charges and the magnetic photon is undertaken. These interactions include electron-magneticon scattering and magneticon vacuum polarization loops. Possibilities for the observation of these magnetic particles in past experiments, as well as future experiments, are explored, and some predictions are made.
In this paper we look at the ultimate limits of a photon propulsion rocket. The maximum velocity for a photon propulsion rocket is just below the speed of light and is a function of the reduced Compton wavelength of the heaviest subatomic particles in the rocket. We are basically combining the relativistic rocket equation with Haug's new insight on the maximum velocity for anything with rest mass. An interesting new finding is that in order to accelerate any subatomic "fundamental" particle to its maximum velocity, the particle rocket basically needs two Planck masses of initial load. This might sound illogical until one understands that subatomic particles with different masses have different maximum velocities. This can be generalized to large rockets and gives us the maximum theoretical velocity of a fully-efficient and ideal rocket. Further, no additional fuel is needed to accelerate a Planck mass particle to its maximum velocity; this also might sound absurd, but it has a very simple and logical solution that is explained in this paper.
From the standard TEM00 Gaussian beam profile equations, we have derived the equations for beam waist at lens focus as a function of variable spot size. In this process, we obtained two equations for beam waist and the validity of these equations is studied with respect to Rayleigh length. The physical validity of the equations has been theoretically checked and also experimentally verified with He-Ne laser at 632 nm. The derived equations are useful for the estimation of the spot size of high peak power lasers (those spot sizes less than few mm). In complicated experimental setup by inserting a beam splitter, we can walk out the some of the beam and the spot size of this beam at the particular position can be measured by normal methods (pinhole and knife-edge techniques). By using our derived equations we can know the spot size of the beam at any position in the experimental setup form the measured spot size.
Quantum field theory (QFT) based on the principles of special relativity (SR) and it is in fact the \emph{kinematic theory of fields}. The root assumption is that there is "relativistic description" of \emph{any} isolated quantum system in the so-called class of inertial systems even if the internal interactions or self-interactions lie outside of the formal QFT itself. In such a situation we cannot be sure that the principle of relativity in the present form is universally applicable since this principle arose from the Maxwell electrodynamics. As we know Einstein was insisted to generalize this principle in the attempt to find the relativistic description of gravity. Together with this the Galileo-Newton principle of inertia was modified with essential reservations \cite{Einstein_1921,Le13,Le15,Le16,Le18}. New kind of sub-atomic interactions have definitely more complicated nature and mostly unknown laws. It is clear that the present QFT (kinematic theory of fields) may serve merely as a limit of some \emph{dynamical theory of quantum fields}.
In the context of fiber bundle theory, we show that the existence of the Aharonov-Bohm connection implies the existence and uniqueness of the Dirac connection.
A new (more general) definition of the measurability concept not related to the principle of uncertainty is given. Then gravity is studied within the scope of this notion. The measurable format of General Relativity (GR) is constructed and it is shown that this format represents its deformation. Passage of the measurable analog of GR to the high energy (quantum gravitational) region is considered to show that this is quite natural in the physical sense. The results obtained are discussed; a further course of studies by the author is indicated.
Isotopic-abundances of any multi-(N)-isotopic-element (E) are interdependent and therefore needed to be measured indirectly from their rather accurately-measurable (N-1) abundance-ratios. ... Even, corresponding-atomic-weight (A_E) is determined by translating the estimated-ratios into the desired-estimate via concerned-input(s)-output-system-specific-relationship (SSR). However, how good the output-estimates y_d(s) and a_E should represent their desired-true-values Y_d(s) and A_E be indicated by the respective uncertainties e_d^Y (s) and e_E^A only; i.e. correct-knowledge of even the output-uncertainties be indispensable for the desired-indirect-measurements. Usually, by assuming the lab-established-(input)-uncertainty(s) as u_m(s) to be accidental-in-nature, a measure of any-corresponding-non-correlated-variable-specific-output-uncertainty is obtained by the popular-error-propagation-law. And, any-correlated-variable as the isotopic-abundance-Y_d-specific-output-uncertainty e_d^Y is evaluated by incorporating additional-(correlation)-correction-factor(s) in the error-propagation-formula, i.e. correlation is being assumed as an output-uncertainty-governing-parameter. However, it is here clarified that: (i) the output-uncertainty e_d^Y (or even e_E^A) should, like the corresponding-output-estimate y_d (or a_E) itself, be independent of whether the isotopic-abundances are correlated; and: (ii) any output-uncertainty e should actually be the corresponding-SSR-governed-systematic-parameter, irrespective of whether the input-uncertainty(s) u_m (s) be purely-random-in-nature. That-is, like the non-correlated-variables-specific-SSRs discussed elsewhere, any isotopic-variable-specific-SSR should be bracketed with certain input(s)-to-output-variation-parameter(s) [MF]_m^d (s) which really prefix(s), for given the input-uncertainty(s) u_m (s), the corresponding-output-uncertainty ...
The temperature dependence of the latency of an optical signal transmitted over an optical fiber was investigated by means of a correlation OTDR. While the bare fiber showed a linear latency increase over temperature, the jumper cable inside a jacket with tight buffer as inner jacket showed an increased elongation effect, especially in the range of lower tempera-tures. This could be attributed to the tight buffer. For future latency sensitive applications in the area of 5G networks these effects have to be taken into account.
An overview is given of recent developments in the field of Dirac equations generalized to curved space-times. An illustrative discussion is provided. We conclude with a variation of Dirac's large-number hypothesis which relates a number of physical quantities on cosmological scales.
We have revealed three fatal errors incurred from a blind transferring of quantum field methods into the quantum mechanics. This had tragic consequences because it produced crippled model Hamiltonians, unfortunately considered sufficient for a description of solids including superconductors. From there, of course, Fröhlich derived wrong effective Hamiltonian, from which incorrect BCS theory arose. 1) Mechanical and field patterns cannot be mixed. Instead of field methods applied to the mechanical Born-Oppenheimer approximation we have entirely to avoid it and construct an independent and standalone field pattern. This leads to a new form of the Bohr's complementarity on the level of composite systems. 2) We have correctly to deal with the center of gravity, which is under the field pattern "materialized" in the form of new quasipartiles - rotons and translons. This leads to a new type of relativity of internal and external degrees of freedom and one-particle way of bypassing degeneracies (gap formation). 3) The possible symmetry cannot be apriori loaded but has to be aposteriori obtained as a solution of field equations, formulated in a general form without translational or any other symmetry. This leads to an utterly revised view of symmetry breaking in non-adiabatic systems, namely Jahn-Teller effect and superconductivity. These two phenomena are synonyms and share a unique symmetry breaking.
The paper reviews the most illustrative cases of the "peculiar/anomalous" experiences of time (and, to a lesser extent, also space) and discusses a simple algebraic geometrical model accounting for the most pronounced of them.
Where does it all come from? Where are we going? Are we alone in the universe? What is good and what is evil? The scientific narrative of cosmic evolution demands that we tackle such big questions with a cosmological perspective. I tackle the first question in Chapters 4-6; the second in Chapters 7-8; the third in Chapter 9 and the fourth in Chapter 10. However, where do we start to answer such questions? In Chapters 1-3, I elaborate the concept of worldview and argue that we should aim at constructing comprehensive and coherent worldviews. In Chapter 4, I identify seven fundamental challenges to any ultimate explanation. I conclude that our explanations tend to fall in two cognitive attractors, the point or the cycle. In Chapter 5, I focus on the free parameters issue, while Chapter 6 is a critical analysis of the fine-tuning issue. I conclude that fine-tuning is a conjecture and that we need to further study how typical our universe is. This opens a research endeavor that I call artificial cosmogenesis. In Chapter 7, I show the importance of artificial cosmogenesis from extrapolating the future of scientific simulations. I then analyze two other evolutionary explanations of fine-tuning in Chapter 8: Cosmological Natural Selection and the broader scenario of Cosmological Artificial Selection. In Chapter 9, I inquire into the search for extraterrestrials and conclude that some binary star systems are good candidates. Since those putative beings feed on stars, I call them starivores. The question of their artificiality remains open, but I propose a prize to further continue and motivate the scientific assessment of this hypothesis. In Chapter 10, I explore foundations to build a cosmological ethics and conclude that the ultimate good is the infinite continuation of the evolutionary process. Appendix I summarizes my position and Appendix II provides argumentative maps of the entire thesis.
In this paper the design and proof of concept (POC) coding of a local hidden variables computer model is presented. The program violates the Clauser, Horne, Shimony and Holt inequality $|$CHSH$|$ $\leq 2$. In our numerical experiment, we find with our local computer program, CHSH $\approx 1 + \sqrt{2}$.
The product of two empirical constants, the dimensionless fine structure constant and the von Klitzing constant (an electrical resistance), turns out to be an exact dimensionless number. Then the accuracy and cosmological time variation (if any) of these two constants are tied. Also this product defines a natural unit of electrical resistance, the inverse of a quantum of conductance. When the speed of light c is taken away from the fine structure constant, as has been shown elsewhere, its constancy implies the constancy of the ratio e2/h (the inverse of the von Klitzing constant), e the charge of the electron and h Planck constant. This forces the charge of the electron e to be constant as long as the action h (an angular momentum) is a true constant too. From the constancy of the Rydberg constant the Compton wavelength, h/mc, is then a true constant and consequently there is no expansion at the quantum mechanical level. The momentum mc is also a true constant and then general relativity predicts that the universe is not expanding, as shown elsewhere. The time variation of the speed of light explains the observed Hubble red shift. And there is a mass-boom effect. From this a coherent cosmological system of constant units can be defined.