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arXiv2007

Transformation equations for the kinetic energy of the same particle: Filling the gap in special relativity literature

Transformation equations for the kinetic energy of a tardyon are derived in the limits of classical and of special relativity theory. Two formulas are presented. In the first one the energy of the particle in one of the involved reference frames is presented as a function of its proper energy, of the relative velocity of the two frames and of its speed in the second one. In the second one the kinetic energy in one of the involved reference frames is expressed as a function of its kinetic energy in the second one of its proper energy, of the relative velocity of the involved inertial reference frames and of its velocity relative to that frame. The obtained results are extended to the case of a photon that moves under the same geometrical conditions, recovering the formulas that account for the relativistic Doppler Effect, illustrating the behavior of a transformation equation when it should account for the properties of an electron and for those of a photon as well.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Complex Action, Prearrangement for Future and Higgs Broadening

We develop some formalism which is very general Feynman path integral in the case of the action which is allowed to be complex. The major point is that the effect of the imaginary part of the action (mainly) is to determine which solution to the equations of motion gets realized. We can therefore look at the model as a unification of the equations of motion and the ``initial conditions". We have already earlier argued for some features matching well with cosmology coming out of the model. A Hamiltonian formalism is put forward, but it still has to have an extra factor in the probability of a certain measurement result involving the time after the measurement time. A special effect to be discussed is a broadening of the width of the Higgs particle. We reach crudely a changed Breit-Wigner formula that is a normalized square root of the originally expected one

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Induction of nuclear fission by high-voltage application

In nuclear power generation, fissile materials are mainly used. For example, $U^{235}$ is fissile and therefore quite essential for use of nuclear energy. However, the material $U^{235}$ has very small natural abundance less than 1 %. We should seek possibility of utilizing fissionable materials such as $U^{238}$ because natural abundance of such fissionable materials is generally much larger than fissile ones. In this paper, we show that thermal neutrons with vanishing kinetic energy can induce nuclear fission when high voltage is applied to fissionable materials. To obtain this result, we use the liquid-drop model for nuclei. Finally, we propose how fissionable materials can be utilized.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Mathematical model for fractal manifold

We have built a new kind of manifolds which leads to an alternative new geometrical space. The study of the nowhere differentiable functions via a family of mean functions leads to a new characterization of this category of functions. A fluctuant manifold has been built with an appearance of a new structure on it at every scale, and we embedded into it an internal structure to transform its fluctuant geometry to a new fixed geometry. This approach leads us to what we call fractal manifold. The elements of this kind of manifold appear locally as tiny double strings, with an appearance of new structure at every step of approximation. We have obtained a variable dimensional space which is locally neither a continuum nor a discrete, but a mixture of both. Space acquires a variable geometry, it becomes explicitly dependent on the approximation process, and the geometry on it assumed to be characterized not only by curvature, but also by the appearance of new structure at every step of approximation.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2012

Space and time as containers, Space divisibility, and Unrepeatability of events

Our main purpose here is to study some qualitative aspects of space and time. These include the notion of space and time regarded as the containers of respectively bodies and events, the divisibility of space, and the unrepeatability of events. We thereof argue that the ideas of an empty space, portions of empty space and a homogenous space are misleading when they are applied to realized space, and that they are therefore not suitable for space as a condition of corporeal world (as it is often assumed). We also show that smallest (indivisible) and "final" ("ultimate") parts of space and bodies have, at most, a conventional character, and not a "fundamental" one (as it is usually claimed). With respect to time and events, analogous conclusions follow. However, we claim that between space and time there exist rather big qualitative differences, which make time's nature much more difficult to grasp than that of space. In this sense, we discuss the impossibility of repetition of events and some of its applications in modern science, notably, probabilistic and statistical science. Some other implications of this study in conceptual ("philosophical") aspects of modern physics are briefly discussed, such as the "timeless" interpretation of general relativity, the notion of space-time, among others. Finally, some considerations about the usual conception and the scope of modern science in general, and modern physics in particular, are addressed throughout the article.

physics.hist-ph↗
arXiv2010

Lepton Generation Problem, Some Properties and Implications of the Curved Spacetime Dirac Equation -- (II)

This reading is a continuation of the earlier reading Nyambuya (2008); where three new Curved Spacetime Dirac Equations have been derived mainly to try and account in a natural way for the observed anomalous gyromagnetic ratio of fermions and the suggestions is that particles including the Electron, which is thought to be a point particle, do have a finite spatial size and this is one of the reasons for the observed anomalous gyromagnetic ratio. Combining the idea in Nyambuya (2008) which lead to the derivation of the three new Curved Spacetime Dirac Equations, and the proposed Unified Field Theory (Nyambuya 2007), a total of 12 equations each with 16 sub-components are generated thus leading to a total of 192 equations for the Curved Spacetime Dirac Equation. Some symmetries of these equations are investigated, i.e., the Lorentz symmetry, charge conjugation symmetry (C), time reversal symmetry (T), Space reversal (P) and a combination of the C, P and T - symmetries. It is shown that these equations are Lorentz invariant, obey C-symmetry and that some violate T and P-symmetry while others do not and that they all obey PT-symmetry. These symmetries show (or modestly said -- seem to suggest) that anti-particles have positive mass and energy but a negative rest-mass and the opposite sign in electronic charge. Through the inspection of these symmetries, a suggestion is (here) made to the effect that the rest-mass of a particle must be related to the electronic charge of that particle thus leading us to a possible resolution of whether or not Neutrinos do have a none-zero rest-mass. Additionally, we demonstrate that these equations have the potency to explain naturally the observed lepton generation phenomena.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

The number of dimensional fundamental constants

We revisit, qualify, and objectively resolve the seemingly controversial question about what is the number of dimensional fundamental constants in Nature. For this purpose, we only assume that all we can directly measure are space and time intervals, and that this is enough to evaluate any physical observable. We conclude that the number of dimensional fundamental constants is two. We emphasize that this is an objective result rather than a "philosophical opinion", and we let it clear how it could be refuted in order to prove us wrong. Our conclusion coincides with Veneziano's string-theoretical one but our arguments are not based on any particular theory. As a result, this implies that one of the three usually considered fundamental constants "G", "c" or "h" can be eliminated and we show explicitly how this can be accomplished.

physics.class-ph↗
arXiv2007

The Macroscopic Quantum Effect in Nonlinear Oscillating Systems: a Possible Bridge between Classical and Quantum Physics

Einstein, De Broglie and others hoped that the schism between classical and quantum physics might one day be overcome by a theory taking into account the essential nonlinearity of elementary physical processes. However, neither their attempts, nor subsequent ones were able to supply a unifying principle that could serve as a starting-point for a coherent understanding of both microphysical and macroscopic phenomena. In the late 1960s the phenomenon of amplitude quantization, or Macroscopic Quantum Effect (MQE), was discovered in a class of nonlinear oscillating systems in which two or more subsystems are coupled to each other by interactions having a specific phase-dependent character -- so-called argumental interactions. Experimental and theoretical studies of the MQE, carried out up to the present time, suggest the possibility of a new conceptual framework for physics, which would provide a bridge between classical and quantum physics, replacing the Newtonian notion of "force" by a new conception of physical interaction. The present paper presents a brief introduction to the MQE and some ideas about its possible significance in the search for new approaches to the understanding of quantum phenomena.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Highest-Energy Cosmic Rays and Hilbertian Repulsive Effect

We point out that an important portion of the high energy of the cosmic rays from extragalactic sources can be attributed to a Hilbertian repulsive effect, which is a consequence of Einstein equations without cosmological term.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2009

Entropy growth in the early universe and confirmation of initial big bang conditions (Why the quark-gluon model is not the best analogy)

This paper shows how increased entropy values from an initially low big bang level can be measured experimentally by counting relic gravitons. Furthermore the physical mechanism of this entropy increase is explained via analogies with early-universe phase transitions. The rapid increase in entropy so alluded to without near sudden increases up to 10 to the 88 power may be enough to allow successful modeling of relic graviton production for entropy in a manner similar to zero point energy extraction from a vacuum state

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Bigravity as an interpretation of the cosmic acceleration

A bimetric description of the universe is proposed, which explains cosmic acceleration deduced from optically observed high-redshift objects. This phenomenon is classically charged to a mysterious repulsive "dark energy" whose true nature is unknown. This is identified in this model with a set of particles having negative mass and energy. These negative mass particles, emitting negative energy photons, are not observable using optical instruments.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

D-brane width

Loop quantum gravity predicts that there are non-zero minimal area, and non-zero minimal volume in (3+1) dimensions. Given this, one can easily guess that one will have a non-zero minimal 9-volume in (9+1) dimensions. Therefore, in this paper, we argue that not only D9-brane but also Dp-brane for p less than 9 has a 9-volume. This idea is new, as the present view states that such a Dp-brane has p-volume but no 9 volume. To demonstrate this, first, we equate D8-brane action with D9-brane action and show that 9th direction which is perpendicular to D8-brane has non-zero width. We repeat this step for different ps; we equate Dp-brane action with Dp-1 brane action. By this iteration and induction we conclude that Dp-brane has non-zero widths for each of (9-p) directions perpendicular to the Dp-brane, and therefore, non-zero volume. When antisymmetric tensor and field strength are zero, this width is calculated to be 2 pi sqrt(alpha') for all (9-p) directions. For non-vanishing antisymmetric tensor and field strength, the width receives small corrections. In this paper, we only calculate up to the first order correction.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2008

Binding Energies of the Deuteron, the Neutron and the Alpha Particle from a Theoretical Geometric Model

We assume a triple geometric structure for the electromagnetic nuclear interaction. This nuclear electromagnetism is used to calculate the binding energies of the deuteron and the neutron. The corresponding Pauli quantum wave equation in a geometric theory, with the SU(2) electromagnetic coupling instead of the standard "minimal" coupling, contains a 1/r to-the-fourth-power, short-range attractive magnetic potential term. This term, produced by the odd part of the electromagnetic potential, may be responsible for a strong nuclear interaction. An approximation for the resultant wave equation leads to the modified Mathieu equation. Completely theoretical calculations give 2.205 Mev, 0.782 Mev and 27.6 Mev for the binding energies of the deuteron, the neutron and the alpha particle respectively. These values admit correction factors due to the approximations made.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2009

A new model and its physics

The high temperature superconductivity in cuprate materials1 has puzzled scientists over twenty years. We must find a new way to understand superconductivity. It is found the spin-charge correlation may dominate the superconductivity2, and we base our judgment upon the features of various superconductors. Thus we presented the idea that superconductivity could be described by correlations. To develop this idea into a quantitative theory, the first work is to give a model and show that various superconductivities can be included in this model. Moreover, superconductivity can originate from the spin-singlet pairing3 or from the spin-triplet pairing4. The spin-singlet pairing favors to appear at the border of antiferromagnetism5, while the spin-triplet pairing favors to appear at the border of ferromagnetism6. The coexistence between superconductivity and magnetism is also possible7,8. Therefore, the second work is to reveal the relation between superconductivity and magnetism.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2010

Study Of The Fundamental Physical Principles in Atmospheric Modeling Based On Identification Of Atmosphere - Climate Control Factors: Bromine Explosion At The Polar Arctic Sunrise

We attempt is to provide accumulated evidence and qualitative understanding of the associated atmospheric phenomena of the Arctic bromine explosion and their role in the functioning of the biotic Earth. We rationalize the empirical expression of the bromine influx into atmospheric boundary layer and calculate total amounts of the tropospheric BrO and Bry of the Arctic origin. Based on the quantities and partitioning of the reactive bromine species, we estimate the biogeochemical parametric constraint on the surface ozone field of the springtime NH. The constraint expresses strong relationship between atmosphere-climate control factors of the Earth's life and of external energy source. Physical atmosphere can be seen as a complex network of maximum complexity. Henceforth, we analyze the network context of the Arctic bromine pollution. We suggest that demonstrated attitudinal approach to the distributed surface flux would be successfully used in the innovative atmospheric modeling. The analysis is illustrated by GEM model results which stay in a good agreement with the observational data and support the original idea of the global NH effect of bromine chemistry.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2007

Can the flyby anomalies be explained by a modification of inertia?

The flyby anomalies are unexplained velocity increases of 3.9, 13.5, 0.1 and 1.8 mm/s observed near closest approach during the Earth flybys of the Galileo, NEAR, Cassini and Rosetta spacecraft. Here, these flybys are modelled using a theory that assumes that inertia is caused by a form of Unruh radiation, modified by a Hubble-scale Casimir effect. This theory predicts that when the craft's accelerations relative to the galactic centre approached zero near closest approach, their inertial masses reduced for about 10^-7 s causing Earthward jumps of 2.6, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.9 mm/s respectively, and, to conserve angular momentum, increases in orbital velocity of a few mm/s that, except NEAR's, were quite close to those observed. However, these results were extremely sensitive to the Hubble constant used. As an experimental test of these ideas, it is proposed that metamaterials could be used to bend Unruh radiation around objects, possibly reducing their inertial mass.

astro-ph↗
arXiv2008

A Random Matrix Model of Black Holes

A random matrix model of black holes is given based on analysis of Gaussian complex ensembles, based on the generalization of chRMT of QCD. Spacetime freedoms are incorporated in terms of eigenvalues of the ensemble. Classical observables of black holes can be computed using this model and it satisfies asymptotic freedom and holographic principle.

physics.gen-ph↗