Reconciliation of Zero-Point and Dark Energies in a Friedman Dust Universe with Einstein's Lambda

Abstract

In this paper, it is shown that the cosmological model that was introduced in a sequence of three earlier papers under the title, A Dust Universe Solution to the Dark Energy Problem, can be used to resolve the problem of the great mismatch of numerical values between dark energy from cosmology and zero point energy from quantum theory. It is shown that, if the zero point energies for the cosmic microwave background and for all the rest of the universe that is not cosmic microwave background are introduced into this model as two entities, their separate values appear within this theory in the form of a numerical difference. It is this difference that gives the numerical value for the zero point value of Einstein's dark energy density. Consequently, although the two zero point energies may be large, their difference can give the known small dark energy value from cosmology for dark energy density. Issues relating to interpretation, calculation and measurement associated with this result and an interpretation of dark energy as a measure of polarisation of the vacuum are discussed. In the first appendix to this paper, problems associated with the standard model of cosmology are solved by redefining temperature in the dust universe model. In the second appendix of this paper, an examination of the dark matter problem in relation to a general relativistic generalisation of Newton's inverse square law is undertaken. In the third appendix to this paper, the formalism is used to derive a formula that gives a possible value for the mass of the universe in terms of Newton's gravitation constant, Einstein's Lambda and the velocity of light. All three appendices have their own detailed abstracts.