Crossover from Attractive to Repulsive Casimir Forces and Vice Versa

Abstract

Systems described by an O(n) symmetrical $ϕ^4$ Hamiltonian are considered in a $d$-dimensional film geometry at their bulk critical points. The critical Casimir forces between the film's boundary planes $\mathfrak{B}_j, j=1,2$, are investigated as functions of film thickness $L$ for generic symmetry-preserving boundary conditions $\partial_n\bmϕ=\mathring{c}_j\bmϕ$. The $L$-dependent part of the reduced excess free energy per cross-sectional area takes the scaling form $f_{\text{res}}\approx D(c_1L^{Φ/ν},c_2L^{Φ/ν})/L^{d-1}$ when $d<4$, where $c_i$ are scaling fields associated with the variables $\mathring{c}_i$, and $Φ$ is a surface crossover exponent. Explicit two-loop renormalization group results for the function $D(\mathsf{c}_1,\mathsf{c}_2)$ at $d=4-ε$ dimensions are presented. These show that (i) the Casimir force can have either sign, depending on $\mathsf{c}_1$ and $\mathsf{c}_2$, and (ii) for appropriate choices of the enhancements $\mathring{c}_j$, crossovers from attraction to repulsion and vice versa occur as $L$ increases.