Searcharxiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 1212.2301

A solution space for a system of null-state partial differential equations 1

Steven M. Flores·Peter Kleban
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

In this first of four articles, we study a homogeneous system of $2N+3$ linear partial differential equations (PDEs) in $2N$ variables that arises in conformal field theory (CFT) and multiple Schramm-Lowner evolution (SLE). In CFT, these are null-state equations and conformal Ward identities. They govern partition functions for the continuum limit of a statistical cluster or loop model, such as percolation, or more generally the Potts models and O$(n)$ models, at the statistical mechanical critical point. (SLE partition functions also satisfy these equations.) For such a lattice model in a polygon $\mathcal{P}$ with its $2N$ sides exhibiting a free/fixed side-alternating boundary condition, this partition function is proportional to the CFT correlation function $\langleψ_1^c(w_1)ψ_1^c(w_2)\dotsmψ_1^c(w_{2N-1})ψ_1^c(w_{2N})\rangle^{\mathcal{P}}$ where the $w_i$ are the vertices of $\mathcal{P}$ and where $ψ_1^c$ is a one-leg corner operator. When conformally mapped onto the upper half-plane, methods of CFT show that this correlation function satisfies the system of PDEs that we consider. This article is the first of four that completely and rigorously characterize the space of all solutions for this system of PDEs that grow no faster than a power law. In this first article, we use methods of analysis to prove that the dimension of this solution space is no more than $C_N$, the $N$th Catalan number. This proof is contained entirely within this article, except for the proof of lemma 14, which constitutes the second article ("part II"). In the third article ("part III"), we use the results of this article to prove that the solution space of this system of PDEs has dimension $C_N$ and is spanned by solutions constructed with the CFT Coulomb gas (contour integral) formalism. In the fourth article ("part IV"), we prove further CFT-related properties about these solutions.

Explore related subjects

math-phcond-mat.stat-mechhep-thmath.APmath.MP

Keep this discovery

BibTeXRIS

Steven M. Flores, Peter Kleban. 2015-02-04. A solution space for a system of null-state partial differential equations 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-014-2189-4

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Why we should condition denoising diffusion generative models on windows of past observations

Data assimilation (DA) is, traditionally, a cycling process that relies on time-dependent priors to propagate information from past observations to future cycles. Using denoising diffusion generative modeling for DA is challenging because standard approaches use a fixed training data set, which in turn leads to a static prior that ignores information from past observations. Because past observations are ignored, DA systems with static priors lead to larger posterior errors than cycling DA systems. Incorporating time-dependent priors into generative models, however, requires expensive and frequent retraining. Motivated by linear systems theory - where the dependence of a prediction of a Kalman filter on past observations decays exponentially - we condition diffusion models on short windows of past observations. Specifically, we describe training procedures for two frameworks: a diffusion DA system predicting the current state given a set of past observations, and a diffusion ``direct observation prediction'' (DOP) system, predicting future observations given a set of past observations. Using a canonical linear system, we show that both systems can achieve the minimal posterior error characteristic of a fully-cycled DA/DOP system, without re-training, provided the time windows are long enough. The linear setup ensures analytical tractability, avoids confounding neural network training errors, and confirms that conditioning on windows of past observations is required for efficient and accurate diffusion-based DA or DOP.

math-ph↗
arXiv2026

The kinematic structures and the inertial geometry of a moving charge

We ask how much of the geometry a charged particle moves in is fixed by its motion, and how much a particle must bring. We ask of a symplectic structure only that it relate velocity to momentum as Hamilton's equations do, and we ask it of every energy at once. In particular, we show that the structures meeting that demand are the canonical one and its twists by a closed two-form of the base. A field provides the two-form, a particle the multiplier before it, which we identify constitutively with its charge. Thus, a single energy governs a family of structures, and each particle takes the one its charge fixes. We then ask what a particle must bring to be given a momentum, and we show that the degree of that map settles the degree at which a field enters Newton's Second Law. An antisymmetric bilinear form returns no Lorentz force, whilst a Randers metric returns one --- a length whose difference from a Riemannian one is linear in the velocity. Moreover, we find that metric already within the twisted structure, as its primitive over a level of the free energy, and its law of transport to be nonlinear, no affine connection being known to serve. Under an indefinite signature the length parts from the dynamics, and the extremals turn from shortest to longest. On the round sphere a monopole flux leaves no such metric, whilst the transport remains and prequantisation, given a unit of action, restricts the charge to a lattice. In this manner, we conclude that each charge-to-mass ratio receives a geometry of its own, so that by a functionalist criterion none of them is the spacetime of a charged particle.

math-ph↗