The Extended Estabrook-Wahlquist Method

Abstract

Variable Coefficient Korteweg de Vries (vcKdV), Modified Korteweg de Vries (vcMKdV), and nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equations have a long history dating from their derivation in various applications. A technique based on extended Lax Pairs has been devised recently to derive variable-coefficient generalizations of various Lax-integrable NLPDE hierarchies. The resulting Lax- or S-integrable NLPDEs have both time- AND space-dependent coefficients, and are thus more general than almost all cases considered earlier via other methods such as the Painlev\'e Test, Bell Polynomials, and various similarity methods. However, this technique, although operationally effective, has the significant disadvantage that, for any integrable system with spatiotemporally varying coefficients, one must 'guess' a generalization of the structure of the known Lax Pair for the corresponding system with constant coefficients. Motivated by the somewhat arbitrary nature of the above procedure, we embark in this paper on an attempt to systematize the derivation of Lax-integrable systems with variable coefficients. An ideal approach would be a method which does not require knowledge of the Lax pair to an associated constant coefficient system, and also involves little to no guesswork. Hence we attempt to apply the Estabrook-Wahlquist (EW) prolongation technique, a relatively self-consistent procedure requiring little prior information. The new and extended EW technique which results is illustrated by algorithmically deriving generalized Lax-integrable versions of the NLS, generalized fifth-order KdV, MKdV, and derivative nonlinear Schrodinger (DNLS) equations.