Resonating valence bond physics is not always governed by the shortest tunneling loops

Abstract

It is well known that in quantum spin liquids and other magnetically disordered systems, the tunneling amplitudes between different nearest-neighbor valence bond (NNVB) configurations drop exponentially in the length L of the tunneling loops. Here we show that virtual excursions outside the NNVB basis can alter completely this fundamental quantum-mechanical notion even in extreme cases where the minimal NNVB truncation appears very robust. This paradigm shift is demonstrated for the quantum spin-1/2 square-kagome, where strong geometric frustration, similar to the two-dimensional kagome, prevents magnetic ordering down to zero temperature. The shortest tunneling events suffer from the strongest fluctuations, leading to amplitudes that do not drop exponentially with L, and to an unexpected loop-six valence bond crystal phase, which would otherwise be very far in the parameter space in the absence of virtual singlets. The low-energy effective description gives in addition a clear example of correlated loop processes that depend not only on the type of the loop but also on its lattice embedding, a direct manifestation of the long-range nature of the virtual singlets.