Accurate Computation of the Distribution of Sums of Dependent Log-Normals with Applications to the Black-Scholes Model

Abstract

We present a new Monte Carlo methodology for the accurate estimation of the distribution of the sum of dependent log-normal random variables. The methodology delivers statistically unbiased estimators for three distributional quantities of significant interest in finance and risk management: the left tail, or cumulative distribution function, the probability density function, and the right tail, or complementary distribution function of the sum of dependent log-normal factors. In all of these three cases our methodology delivers fast and highly accurate estimators in settings for which existing methodology delivers estimators with large variance that tend to underestimate the true quantity of interest. We provide insight into the computational challenges using theory and numerical experiments, and explain their much wider implications for Monte Carlo statistical estimators of rare-event probabilities. In particular, we find that theoretically strongly-efficient estimators should be used with great caution in practice, because they may yield inaccurate results in the pre-limit. Further, this inaccuracy may not be detectable from the output of the Monte Carlo simulation, because the simulation output may severely underestimate the true variance of the estimator.