Cloud Atlas: Variability in and out of the Water Band in the Planetary-mass HD 203030B Points to Cloud Sedimentation in Low-gravity L Dwarfs

Abstract

We use the Wide Field Camera 3 on the {\sl Hubble Space Telescope} to spectrophotometrically monitor the young L7.5 companion HD~203030B. Our time series reveal photometric variability at 1.27\,$\mu$m and 1.39\,$\mu$m on time scales compatible with rotation. We find a rotation period of $7.5^{+0.6}_{-0.5}$ h: comparable to those observed in other brown dwarfs and planetary-mass companions younger than 300 Myr. We measure variability amplitudes of $1.1\pm0.3\%$ (1.27\,$\mu$m) and $1.7\pm0.4\%$ (1.39\,$\mu$m), and a phase lag of 56$^\circ\pm$28$^\circ$ between the two light curves. We attribute the difference in photometric amplitudes and phases to a patchy cloud layer that is sinking below the level where water vapor becomes opaque. HD 203030B and the few other known variable young late-L dwarfs are unlike warmer (earlier-type and/or older) L dwarfs, for which variability is much less wavelength-dependent across the 1.1--1.7$\mu$m region. We further suggest that a sinking of the top-most cloud deck below the level where water or carbon monoxide gas become opaque may also explain the often enhanced variability amplitudes of even earlier-type low-gravity L dwarfs. Because these condensate and gas opacity levels are already well-differentiated in T dwarfs, we do not expect the same variability amplitude enhancement in young vs.\ old T dwarfs.