Search for sub-solar primordial black holes in low mass ratio binaries with LIGO-Virgo O2 data and implications for the primordial black hole dark matter fraction

Abstract

We perform a search for binary black hole mergers with one sub-solar mass (SSM) black hole and a primary component above $\sim 2 M_\odot$ in data from the second observing run (O2) of the LIGO-Virgo detectors. Our analysis extends the parameter space explored by previous LIGO-Virgo Collaboration searches for binaries containing SSM components into a region of parameter space motivated by broad mass distributions of primordial black holes (PBHs) exhibiting a peak around $[2-3] M^{}_\odot$, which can arise from the reduction of the equation of state during the QCD phase transition in the early Universe. Four candidate events are found passing a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold of 8 and a false alarm rate (FAR) threshold of 2 per year, although none are statistically significant enough to constitute a confident detection. Assuming a null result for the search, we derive PBH model-independent 90\% confidence upper limits on the PBH merger rates by estimating the sensitive volume-time of the search using simulated gravitational-wave signal injections. We interpret these observational limits using a representative broad PBH mass function bearing imprints of the thermal history of the early Universe and considering both early and late PBH binary formation channels. The resulting constraints on the PBH dark-matter fraction, $f^{}_{\rm PBH}$, depend on the assumed mass function and merger-rate prescription. For all considerations, the upper limits remain above $f^{}_{\rm PBH}=1$, indicating the O2 data from LIGO-Virgo are not sensitive enough to place meaningful constraints within the assumptions of the PBH mass model and PBH binary mergers.