Fluid-structure instability forecasts thoracic aortic aneurysm progression

Abstract

The basic mechanism driving aneurysm growth is unknown. Currently, clinical diagnosis of an aneurysm is mainly informed by retrospective tracking of its size and growth rate. However, aneurysms can rupture before reactive criteria are met or remain stable when they are exceeded. Here, we identify a fluid-structure instability that is associated with abnormal aortic dilatation. Our analysis yields a measurable dimensionless number and its analytically derived critical threshold. This threshold pinpoints the transition from stable flow to unstable aortic fluttering as a function of the physiological properties composing the dimensionless number, like blood pressure and aortic compliance. A retrospective study was then conducted with 4D-flow MRI data from 117 patients indicated for cardiac imaging and 100 healthy volunteers recruited prospectively. The difference between the dimensionless number and its critical threshold was calculated for every subject from their earliest MRI data and used as an aneurysm physiomarker to forecast future growth. As a binary predictor for abnormal growth and subsequent surgical intervention reported from follow-up imaging, the aneurysm physiomarker yielded an AUC of 0.997 in a receiving operator characteristic analysis. Though validated here for thoracic ascending aortic aneurysms, this instability mechanism may be used to understand, predict and inform patient-specific treatment of aneurysms in any location without fundamental differences.