Spacing distribution in the 2D Coulomb gas: Surmise and symmetry classes of non-Hermitian random matrices at non-integer $\beta$

Abstract

A random matrix representation is proposed for the two-dimensional (2D) Coulomb gas at inverse temperature $\beta$. For $2\times 2$ matrices with Gaussian distribution we analytically compute the nearest neighbour spacing distribution of complex eigenvalues in radial distance. Because it does not provide such a good approximation as the Wigner surmise in 1D, we introduce an effective $\beta_{\rm eff}(\beta)$ in our analytic formula, that describes the spacing obtained numerically from the 2D Coulomb gas well for small values of $\beta$. It reproduces the 2D Poisson distribution at $\beta=0$ exactly, that is valid for a large particle number. The surmise is used to fit data in two examples, from open quantum spin chains and ecology. The spacing distributions of complex symmetric and complex quaternion self-dual ensembles of non-Hermitian random matrices, that are only known numerically, are very well fitted by non-integer values $\beta=1.4$ and $\beta=2.6$ from a 2D Coulomb gas, respectively. These two ensembles have been suggested as the only two symmetry classes, where the 2D bulk statistics is different from the Ginibre ensemble.