Emergence of Self-dual Patterns in Active Colloids with Periodical Feedback to Local Density

Abstract

The central task in the study of self-organization is to explore the general mechanism of emergences. However, this is inhibited by the missing of a full knowledge of the microscopic dynamics of emergence. Here, in this study, the microscopic dynamics of self-organization for patterns is investigated and quantified in a periodically propelled Quincke system. The periodical coupling between propulsion and repulsion at the particle level leads to local directed oscillating particle flows and promises a loop of positive feedback to density fluctuations. Nevertheless, the global evolution of the resulting cluster phase is dominated by a global dual transformation. As stable attractors of the dual transformation, self-dual patterns including stripe patterns and square lattices can be achieved by tuning the strength and the frequency of propelling. However, stripes are possible only at strong propelling where boundary particle flows can form. The findings in this study show that the dynamics of emergence on different length scales are controlled by different mechanisms. The competition and the interplay between different microscopic dynamic processes play the central role in determining the product of emergence. Moreover, the periodically oscillating self-dual patterns demonstrate a classical approach to time crystals.