The Loschmidt Spectral Form Factor

Abstract

The Spectral Form Factor (SFF) measures the fluctuations in the density of states of a Hamiltonian. We consider a generalization of the SFF called the Loschmidt Spectral Form Factor, $\textrm{tr}[e^{iH_1T}]\textrm{tr} [e^{-iH_2T}]$, for $H_1-H_2$ small. If the ensemble average of the SFF is the variance of the density fluctuations for a single Hamiltonian drawn from the ensemble, the averaged Loschmidt SFF is the covariance for two Hamiltonians drawn from a correlated ensemble. This object is a time-domain version of the parametric correlations studied in the quantum chaos and random matrix literatures. We show analytically that the averaged Loschmidt SFF is proportional to $e^{i\lambda T}T$ for a complex rate $\lambda$ with a positive imaginary part, showing in a quantitative way that the long-time details of the spectrum are exponentially more sensitive to perturbations than the short-time properties. We calculate $\lambda$ in a number of cases, including random matrix theory, theories with a single localized defect, and hydrodynamic theories.