Monte Carlo is a good sampling strategy for polynomial approximation in high dimensions

Abstract

This paper concerns the approximation of smooth, high-dimensional functions from limited samples using polynomials. This task lies at the heart of many applications in computational science and engineering - notably, some of those arising from parametric modelling and computational uncertainty quantification. It is common to use Monte Carlo sampling in such applications, so as not to succumb to the curse of dimensionality. However, it is well known that such a strategy is theoretically suboptimal. Specifically, there are many polynomial spaces of dimension $n$ for which the sample complexity scales log-quadratically, i.e., like $c \cdot n^2 \cdot \log(n)$ as $n \rightarrow \infty$. This well-documented phenomenon has led to a concerted effort over the last decade to design improved, and moreover, near-optimal strategies, whose sample complexities scale log-linearly, or even linearly in $n$. In this work we demonstrate that Monte Carlo is actually a perfectly good strategy in high dimensions, despite its apparent suboptimality. We first document this phenomenon empirically via a systematic set of numerical experiments. Next, we present a theoretical analysis that rigorously justifies this fact in the case of holomorphic functions of infinitely-many variables. We show that there is a least-squares approximation based on $m$ Monte Carlo samples whose error decays algebraically fast in $m/\log(m)$, with a rate that is the same as that of the best $n$-term polynomial approximation. This result is non-constructive, since it assumes knowledge of a suitable polynomial subspace in which to perform the approximation. We next present a compressed sensing-based scheme that achieves the same rate, except for a larger polylogarithmic factor. This scheme is practical, and numerically it performs as well as or better than well-known adaptive least-squares schemes.