Measuring Oscillations with A Million Atmospheric Neutrinos

Abstract

After two decades of measurements, neutrino physics is now advancing into the precision era. Withthe long-baseline experiments designed to tackle current open questions, a new query arises: can atmospheric neutrino experiments also play a role? To that end, we analyze the expected sensitivity of current and near-future water(ice)-Cherenkov atmospheric neutrino experiments in the context of standard three-flavor neutrino oscillations. In this first in depth combined atmospheric neutrino analysis, we analyze the current shared systematic uncertainties arising from the common flux and neutrino-water interactions. We then implement the systematic uncertainties of each experiment in detail and develop the atmospheric neutrino simulations for Super-Kamiokande, with and without neutron-tagging capabilities, IceCube Upgrade, ORCA, and Hyper-Kamiokande detectors. We carefully review the synergies and features of these experiments to examine the potential of a joint analysis of these atmospheric neutrino data in resolving the $\theta_{23}$ octant at 99% confidence level, and determining the neutrino mass ordering above 5$\sigma$ by 2030. Additionally, we assess the capability to constrain $\theta_{13}$ and the CP -violating phase ($\delta_{CP}$) in the leptonic sector independently from reactor and accelerator neutrino data. A combination of the atmospheric neutrino measurements will enhance the sensitivity to a greater extent than the simple sum of individual experiment results reaching more than 3$\sigma$ for some values of $\delta_{CP}$ . These results will provide vital information for next-generation accelerator neutrino oscillation experiments such as DUNE and Hyper-Kamiokande.