Analysis of the arm-like structure in the outer disk of PDS 70. Spiral density wave or vortex?

Abstract

Observing dynamical interactions between planets and disks is key to understanding their formation and evolution. Two protoplanets have recently been discovered within PDS 70's protoplanetary disk, along with an arm-like structure towards the north-west of the star. Our aim is to constrain the morphology and origin of this arm-like structure, and to assess whether it could trace a spiral density wave caused by the dynamical interaction between the planet PDS 70c and the disk. We analyze polarized and angular differential imaging (PDI and ADI) data taken with VLT/SPHERE, spanning six years of observations. PDI data sets are reduced using the IRDAP polarimetric data reduction pipeline, while ADI data sets are processed using MUSTARD, a novel inverse problem algorithm to tackle the geometrical biases spoiling the images previously used for the analysis of this disk. We confirm the presence of the arm-like structure in all PDI and ADI datasets. We do not observe a south-east symmetric arm with respect to the disk minor axis, which seems to disfavor the previous hypothesis that the arm is the footprint of a double-ring structure. If the structure traces a spiral density wave following the motion of PDS 70c, we would expect $11\overset{\circ}{.}28^{+2\overset{\circ}{.}20}_{-0\overset{\circ}{.}86}$ rotation for the spiral in six years. However, we do not measure any significant movement of the structure. If the arm-like structure is a planet-driven spiral arm, the observed lack of rotation would suggest that the assumption of rigid-body rotation may be inappropriate for spirals induced by planets. We suggest that the arm-like structure may rather trace a vortex appearing as a one-armed spiral in scattered light due to projection effects. The vortex hypothesis accounts for both the lack of observed rotation and the presence of a nearby sub-mm continuum asymmetry detected with ALMA.