SQUID current sensors with an integrated thermally actuated input current limiter

Abstract

The development of SQUID current sensors with a thermally actuated input current limiter (TCL) integrated into the input circuit of the sensor is presented. The TCL is based on an unshunted Josephson Junction (JJ) series array, around which meanders a galvanically isolated, but tightly, thermally coupled, resistive heater element. By applying a current to the heater, the JJ critical currents can be reduced or completely suppressed, while the other on-chip SQUID circuit elements remain unaffected. The functional parameters of the TCL are determined by direct transport measurements and by static and dynamic flux coupling tests via the input circuit. In liquid Helium, a heater power, which reliably suppresses the critical current of the JJ array to zero, of $\sim$1.5 mW was needed, with the TCL normal state resistance being at 500 $\Omega$. In this configuration, typical TCL switching times below 10 $\mu$s were observed in the direct transport measurements. The TCL can be used to temporarily or even permanently disable malfunctioning channels in multichannel SQUID magnetometer systems, when feedback into their otherwise superconducting input circuits is not possible. In doing so, significant signal distortions in neighbouring channels from screening currents in these input circuits are avoided. Furthermore, by completely suppressing and restoring the TCL critical current, dc offset currents in the superconducting input circuits can be prevented. This is relevant, for instance, in SQUID-based spin precession experiments on hyperpolarized noble gases, in which even dc currents of a few $\mu$A in the input circuit can lead to significant magnetic field distortions in the adjacent sample region contributing to the transverse spin-spin relaxation rate $1/T_{2}$