Long-rising Type II Supernovae in the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe

Tawny Sit; Mansi M. Kasliwal; Anastasios Tzanidakis; Kishalay De; Christoffer Fremling; Jesper Sollerman; Avishay Gal-Yam; Adam A. Miller; Scott Adams; Robert Aloisi; Igor Andreoni; Matthew Chu; David Cook; Kaustav Kashyap Das; Alison Dugas; Steven L. Groom; Anna Y. Q. Ho; Viraj Karambelkar; James D. Neill; Frank J. Masci; Michael S. Medford; Josiah Purdum; Yashvi Sharma; Roger Smith; Robert Stein; Lin Yan; Yuhan Yao; Chaoran Zhang

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad036f

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arXiv · 2306.01109

Long-rising Type II Supernovae in the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe

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Abstract

SN 1987A was an unusual hydrogen-rich core-collapse supernova originating from a blue supergiant star. Similar blue supergiant explosions remain a small family of events, and are broadly characterized by their long rises to peak. The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) Census of the Local Universe (CLU) experiment aims to construct a spectroscopically complete sample of transients occurring in galaxies from the CLU galaxy catalog. We identify 13 long-rising (>40 days) Type II supernovae from the volume-limited CLU experiment during a 3.5 year period from June 2018 to December 2021, approximately doubling the previously known number of these events. We present photometric and spectroscopic data of these 13 events, finding peak r-band absolute magnitudes ranging from -15.6 to -17.5 mag and the tentative detection of Ba II lines in 9 events. Using our CLU sample of events, we derive a long-rising Type II supernova rate of $1.37^{+0.26}_{-0.30}\times10^{-6}$ Mpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$, $\approx$1.4% of the total core-collapse supernova rate. This is the first volumetric rate of these events estimated from a large, systematic, volume-limited experiment.

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Tawny Sit, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Anastasios Tzanidakis, Kishalay De, Christoffer Fremling, Jesper Sollerman, Avishay Gal-Yam, Adam A. Miller, Scott Adams, Robert Aloisi, Igor Andreoni, Matthew Chu, David Cook, Kaustav Kashyap Das, Alison Dugas, Steven L. Groom, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Viraj Karambelkar, James D. Neill, Frank J. Masci, Michael S. Medford, Josiah Purdum, Yashvi Sharma, Roger Smith, Robert Stein, Lin Yan, Yuhan Yao, Chaoran Zhang. 2023-06-01. Long-rising Type II Supernovae in the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357%2Fad036f

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