Painlev\'e-III Monodromy Maps Under the $D_6\to D_8$ Confluence and Applications to the Large-Parameter Asymptotics of Rational Solutions

Abstract

The third Painlev\'e equation in its generic form, often referred to as Painlev\'e-III($D_6$), is given by $$ \frac{{\rm d}^2u}{{\rm d}x^2} =\frac{1}{u}\left(\frac{{\rm d}u}{{\rm d}x}\right)^2-\frac{1}{x}\frac{{\rm d}u}{{\rm d}x}+\frac{\alpha u^2+\beta}{x}+4u^3-\frac{4}{u}, \qquad \alpha,\beta \in \mathbb C.$$ Starting from a generic initial solution $u_0(x)$ corresponding to parameters $\alpha$, $\beta$, denoted as the triple $(u_0(x),\alpha,\beta)$, we apply an explicit B\"acklund transformation to generate a family of solutions $(u_n(x),\alpha+4n,\beta+4n)$ indexed by $n \in \mathbb N$. We study the large $n$ behavior of the solutions $(u_n(x),\alpha+4n,\beta+4n)$ under the scaling $x=z/n$ in two different ways: (a) analyzing the convergence properties of series solutions to the equation, and (b) using a Riemann-Hilbert representation of the solution $u_n(z/n)$. Our main result is a proof that the limit of solutions $u_n(z/n)$ exists and is given by a solution of the degenerate Painlev\'e-III equation, known as Painlev\'e-III($D_8$), $$ \frac{{\rm d}^2U}{{\rm d}z^2} =\frac{1}{U}\left(\frac{{\rm d}U}{{\rm d}z}\right)^2-\frac{1}{z}\frac{{\rm d}U}{{\rm d}z}+\frac{4U^2+4}{z}.$$ A notable application of our result is to rational solutions of Painlev\'e-III($D_6$), which are constructed using the seed solution $(1,4m,-4m)$ where $m \in \mathbb C \setminus \big(\mathbb Z +\frac{1}{2}\big)$ and can be written as a particular ratio of Umemura polynomials. We identify the limiting solution in terms of both its initial condition at $z=0$ when it is well defined, and by its monodromy data in the general case. Furthermore, as a consequence of our analysis, we deduce the asymptotic behavior of generic solutions of Painlev\'e-III, both $D_6$ and $D_8$ at $z=0$. We also deduce the large $n$ behavior of the Umemura polynomials in a neighborhood of $z=0$.