Data reduction for directed feedback vertex set on graphs without long induced cycles

Abstract

We study reduction rules for Directed Feedback Vertex Set (DFVS) on directed graphs without long cycles. A DFVS instance without cycles longer than $d$ naturally corresponds to an instance of $d$-Hitting Set, however, enumerating all cycles in an $n$-vertex graph and then kernelizing the resulting $d$-Hitting Set instance can be too costly, as already enumerating all cycles can take time $\Omega(n^d)$. We show how to compute a kernel with at most $2^dk^d$ vertices and at most $d^{3d}k^d$ induced cycles of length at most $d$, where $k$ is the size of a minimum directed feedback vertex set. We then study classes of graphs whose underlying undirected graphs have bounded expansion or are nowhere dense. We prove that for every nowhere dense class $\mathscr{C}$ there is a function $f_\mathscr{C}(d,\epsilon)$ such that for graphs $G\in \mathscr{C}$ without induced cycles of length greater than $d$ we can compute a kernel with $f_\mathscr{C}(d,\epsilon)\cdot k^{1+\epsilon}$ vertices for any $\epsilon>0$ in time $f_\mathscr{C}(d,\epsilon)\cdot n^{O(1)}$. The most restricted classes we consider are strongly connected planar graphs without any (induced or non-induced) long cycles. We show that these classes have treewidth $O(d)$ and hence DFVS on planar graphs without cycles of length greater than $d$ can be solved in time $2^{O(d)}\cdot n^{O(1)}$. We finally present a new data reduction rule for general DFVS and prove that the rule together with two standard rules subsumes all rules applied in the work of Bergougnoux et al.\ to obtain a polynomial kernel for DFVS[FVS], i.e., DFVS parameterized by the feedback vertex set number of the underlying (undirected) graph. We conclude by studying the LP-based approximation of DFVS.