Spacetime quantum and classical mechanics with dynamical foliation

Abstract

The conventional phase space of classical physics treats space and time differently, and this difference carries over to field theories and quantum mechanics (QM). In this paper, the phase space is enhanced through two main extensions. First, we promote the time choice of the Legendre transform to a dynamical variable. Second, we extend the Poisson brackets of matter fields to a spacetime symmetric form. The ensuing "spacetime phase space" is employed to obtain an explicitly covariant version of Hamilton equations for relativistic field theories. A canonical-like quantization of the formalism is then presented in which the fields satisfy spacetime commutation relations and the foliation is quantum. In this approach, the classical action is also promoted to an operator and retains explicit covariance through its non-separability in the matter-foliation partition. The problem of establishing a correspondence between the new noncausal framework (where fields at different times are independent) and conventional QM is solved through a generalization of spacelike correlators to spacetime. In this generalization, the Hamiltonian is replaced by the action, and conventional particles by off-shell particles. When the foliation is quantized, the previous map is recovered by conditioning on foliation eigenstates, in analogy with the Page and Wootters mechanism. We also provide an interpretation of the correspondence in which the causal structure of a given theory emerges from the quantum correlations between the system and an environment. This idea holds for general quantum systems and allows one to generalize the density matrix to an operator containing the information of correlators both in space and time.