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arXiv · 2311.16651

Bulk-Measurement-Induced Boundary Phase Transition in Toric Code and Gauge-Higgs Model

Yoshihito Kuno·Takahiro Orito·Ikuo Ichinose
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Abstract

Study of boundary phase transition in toric code under cylinder geometry via bulk projective measurement is reported. As the frequency of local measurement for bulk qubits is increased, spin-glass type long-range order on the boundaries emerges indicating spontaneous-symmetry breaking (SSB) of $Z_2$ symmetry. From the lattice-gauge-theory viewpoint, this SSB is a signal of a transition to Higgs phase with symmetry protected topological order. We numerically elucidate the properties of this phase transition in detail, especially its criticality, and give a physical picture using non-local gauge-invariant symmetry operators. Phase transition in the bulk is also studied and its relationship to the boundary transition is discussed.

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Yoshihito Kuno, Takahiro Orito, Ikuo Ichinose. 2023-11-28. Bulk-Measurement-Induced Boundary Phase Transition in Toric Code and Gauge-Higgs Model. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.109.054432

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