X-ray detection of the most extreme star-forming galaxies at the cosmic noon via strong lensing

Q. Daniel Wang; Carlos Garcia Diaz; Patrick S. Kamieneski; Kevin C. Harrington; Min S. Yun; Nicholas Foo; Brenda L. Frye; Eric F. Jimenez-Andrade; Daizhong Liu; James D. Lowenthal; Belen Alcalde Pampliega; Massimo Pascale; Amit Vishwas; Mark A. Gurwell

arXiv · 2312.05442

X-ray detection of the most extreme star-forming galaxies at the cosmic noon via strong lensing

Q. Daniel Wang·Carlos Garcia Diaz·Patrick S. Kamieneski·Kevin C. Harrington·Min S. Yun·Nicholas Foo·Brenda L. Frye·Eric F. Jimenez-Andrade·Daizhong Liu·James D. Lowenthal·Belen Alcalde Pampliega·Massimo Pascale·Amit Vishwas·Mark A. Gurwell

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Abstract

Hyper-luminous infrared galaxies (HyLIRGs) are the most extreme star-forming systems observed in the early Universe, and their properties still elude comprehensive understanding. We have undertaken a large XMM-Newton observing program to probe the total accreting black hole population in three HyLIRGs at z = 2.12, 3.25, and 3.55, gravitationally lensed by foreground galaxies. Selected from the Planck All-Sky Survey to Analyze Gravitationally-lensed Extreme Starbursts (PASSAGES), these HyLIRGs have apparent infrared luminosities > E14 Lsun. Our observations revealed X-ray emission in each of them. PJ1336+49 appears to be dominated by high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs). Remarkably, the luminosity of this non-AGN X-ray emission exceeds by a factor of about three the value obtained by calibration with local galaxies with much lower star formation rates. This enhanced X-ray emission most likely highlights the efficacy of dynamical HMXB production within compact clusters, which is an important mode of star formation in HyLIRGs. The remaining two (PJ0116-24 and PJ1053+60) morphologically and spectrally exhibit a compact X-ray component in addition to the extended non-AGN X-ray emission, indicating the presence of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs). The AGN appears to be centrally located in the reconstructed source plane images of PJ0116-24, which manifests its star-forming activity predominantly within an extended galactic disk. In contrast, the AGN in the field of PJ1053+60 is projected 60 kpc away from the extreme star-forming galaxy and could be ejected from it. These results underline the synergistic potential of deep X-ray observations with strong lensing for the study of high-energy astrophysical phenomena in HyLIRGs.

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Q. Daniel Wang, Carlos Garcia Diaz, Patrick S. Kamieneski, Kevin C. Harrington, Min S. Yun, Nicholas Foo, Brenda L. Frye, Eric F. Jimenez-Andrade, Daizhong Liu, James D. Lowenthal, Belen Alcalde Pampliega, Massimo Pascale, Amit Vishwas, Mark A. Gurwell. 2023-12-09. X-ray detection of the most extreme star-forming galaxies at the cosmic noon via strong lensing. https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.05442

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