Searcharxiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2401.11632

What Are We Optimizing For? A Human-centric Evaluation of Deep Learning-based Movie Recommenders

Ruixuan Sun·Xinyi Wu·Avinash Akella·Ruoyan Kong·Bart Knijnenburg·Joseph A. Konstan
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

In the past decade, deep learning (DL) models have gained prominence for their exceptional accuracy on benchmark datasets in recommender systems (RecSys). However, their evaluation has primarily relied on offline metrics, overlooking direct user perception and experience. To address this gap, we conduct a human-centric evaluation case study of four leading DL-RecSys models in the movie domain. We test how different DL-RecSys models perform in personalized recommendation generation by conducting survey study with 445 real active users. We find some DL-RecSys models to be superior in recommending novel and unexpected items and weaker in diversity, trustworthiness, transparency, accuracy, and overall user satisfaction compared to classic collaborative filtering (CF) methods. To further explain the reasons behind the underperformance, we apply a comprehensive path analysis. We discover that the lack of diversity and too much serendipity from DL models can negatively impact the consequent perceived transparency and personalization of recommendations. Such a path ultimately leads to lower summative user satisfaction. Qualitatively, we confirm with real user quotes that accuracy plus at least one other attribute is necessary to ensure a good user experience, while their demands for transparency and trust can not be neglected. Based on our findings, we discuss future human-centric DL-RecSys design and optimization strategies.

Explore related subjects

cs.IRcs.HCcs.LG

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Ruixuan Sun, Xinyi Wu, Avinash Akella, Ruoyan Kong, Bart Knijnenburg, Joseph A. Konstan. 2024-01-21. What Are We Optimizing For? A Human-centric Evaluation of Deep Learning-based Movie Recommenders. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.11632

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

UniRec: Cross-stage Multi-Task Fusion with Preference Alignment for Cascaded Recommender Systems

Industrial recommender systems use cascaded stages with different objectives, feature spaces, and latency constraints. Optimizing pre-ranking and ranking separately can create cross-stage inconsistency: upstream models may filter out items preferred by downstream rankers, and independently tuned downstream fusion can offset upstream improvements. Existing multi-task fusion methods focus on multi-objective fusion within the ranking stage, and cross-stage methods typically only add a downstream score factor to upstream ranking. Joint optimization of fusion modules across both stages remains largely unexplored. We propose UniRec, a Unified Cross-stage Recommendation Fusion model. First, the two fusion agents partially share input embeddings and are trained in a single computation graph, so gradients from either stage propagate through the shared representation and influence the other. Second, we introduce a dual-axis preference alignment objective: a vertical cross-stage consistency term transfers downstream pairwise preferences to the upstream fusion score, and a horizontal compact aggregation term reorganizes dozens of pairwise objectives over heterogeneous prior signals into bidirectional preference evidence. Third, we find that unconstrained end-to-end fusion optimization can exploit imbalances in item attribute distributions, over-concentrating on high-reward regions at the cost of other objectives. We therefore add an attribute group-relative regularization that computes advantages within attribute groups and normalizes the policy over the same groups, so uniformly promoting an entire high-reward group yields no optimization gain. Offline, UniRec consistently outperforms single-stage fusion and cross-stage coordination baselines. Online A/B tests show a 0.616\% gain in app usage duration. UniRec is fully deployed on the Kuaishou platform.

cs.IR↗
arXiv2026

VikingRAG: Accurate and Token-efficient Retrieval-augmented Generation over Structured Documents

State-of-the-art retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) methods exploit document structures to acquire sufficient evidence, but often incur substantial token costs. To reduce structural-context tokens without compromising high RAG accuracy, we present {\sf VikingRAG}, a directory-aware semantic data management system that tightly integrates semantic and structural access to support structural-context-efficient, evidence-gap-driven multi-round retrieval. To further reduce token overhead of multi-round interaction, we materialize agentic multi-round retrieval traces as experience edges, and reuse these edges for similar queries, avoiding repeated multi-round exploration. To additionally reduce token costs when agentic multi-round retrieval is unnecessary, we introduce an adaptive escalation strategy that answers from one-round experience-augmented retrieval when the evidence is sufficient, and invokes agentic multi-round retrieval only otherwise. Experiments on real datasets show that the base system {\sf VikingRAG} matches high accuracy of state-of-the-art methods while consuming only 11.6\%--51.9\% of their tokens. With retrieval-trace reuse and adaptive escalation, token costs drop to 5.1\%--32.5\% while maintaining competitive accuracy and practical document-storage performance, showing the utility of this work for emerging AI knowledge bases.

cs.IR↗
arXiv2026

TimelyRAG: Semantic-Temporal Hybrid Retrieval for Time-Critical Question Answering in Overlapping-Evolving Documents

Although large language models (LLMs) and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) have advanced open-domain question answering (QA), they remain unreliable when documents evolve through amendments. Existing time-sensitive retrieval methods address only the disjoint-evolving environment, where each update is an independent snapshot. However, laws, policies, and regulations often operate in overlapping-evolving environments, where amendments override earlier clauses while preserving most content, creating strong semantic overlap across versions. We propose TimelyRAG, a retriever-agnostic framework that incorporates temporal distance into ranking to align queries with version-appropriate documents. We also introduce TimelyQABench, the first benchmark for regulation-heavy domains with overlapping-evolving challenges. Experiments show consistent gains, up to +28.6% in nDCG@10, highlighting the importance of temporal reasoning for reliable QA over evolving documents. All resources are available at https://github.com/kaist-dmlab/TimelyRAG.

cs.IR↗