Ice on curved surfaces: defect rings and differential local dynamics

Abstract

Ice systems are prototypes of locally constrained dynamics. This is exemplified in Coulomb-liquid phases where a large space of configurations is sampled, each satisfying local ice rules. Dynamics proceeds through `flipping' rings, i.e., through reversing arrows running along the edges of a polygon. We examine the role of defect rings in such phases, with square-ice as a testing ground. When placed on a curved surface, the underlying square lattice will form defects such as triangles or pentagons. We show that triangular defects are statistically more `flippable' than the background. In contrast, pentagons and larger polygons are less flippable. In fact, flippability decreases monotonically with ring size, as seen from a Pauling-like argument. As an explicit demonstration, we wrap the square ice model on a sphere. We start from an octahedron and perform repeated rectifications, producing a series of clusters with sphere-like geometry. They contain a fixed number of defect triangles in an otherwise square lattice. We numerically enumerate all ice-rule-satisfying configurations. Indeed, triangles are flippable in a larger fraction of configurations than quadrilaterals. The obtained flippabilities are in broad agreement with the Pauling-like estimates. As a minimal model for dynamics, we construct a Hamiltonian with quantum tunnelling terms that flip rings. The resulting ground state is a superposition of all ice configurations. The dominant contribution to its energy comes from localized resonance within triangles. Our results suggest local dynamics as a promising observable for experiments in spin ice and artificial ice systems. They also point to hierarchical dynamics in materials such as ice V that contain rings of multiple sizes.