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arXiv · 2502.02787

SimMark: A Robust Sentence-Level Similarity-Based Watermarking Algorithm for Large Language Models

Amirhossein Dabiriaghdam·Lele Wang
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Abstract

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) necessitates reliable methods to detect LLM-generated text. We introduce SimMark, a robust sentence-level watermarking algorithm that makes LLMs' outputs traceable without requiring access to model internals, making it compatible with both open and API-based LLMs. By leveraging the similarity of semantic sentence embeddings combined with rejection sampling to embed detectable statistical patterns imperceptible to humans, and employing a soft counting mechanism, SimMark achieves robustness against paraphrasing attacks. Experimental results demonstrate that SimMark sets a new benchmark for robust watermarking of LLM-generated content, surpassing prior sentence-level watermarking techniques in robustness, sampling efficiency, and applicability across diverse domains, all while maintaining the text quality and fluency.

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BibTeXRIS

Amirhossein Dabiriaghdam, Lele Wang. 2025-02-05. SimMark: A Robust Sentence-Level Similarity-Based Watermarking Algorithm for Large Language Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.02787

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