Supernovae at Distances < 40 Mpc: I.Catalogues and fractions of Supernovae in a Complete Sample

Xiaoran Ma; Xiaofeng Wang; Jun Mo; D. Andrew Howell; Craig Pellegrino; Jujia Zhang; Shengyu Yan; Iair Arcavi; Zhihao Chen; Joseph Farah; Estefania Padilla Gonzalez; Fangzhou Guo; Daichi Hiramatsu; Gaici Li; Han Lin; Jialian Liu; Curtis McCully; Megan Newsome; Hanna Sai; Giacomo Terreran; Danfeng Xiang; Xinhan Zhang; Tianmeng Zhang

arXiv · 2504.04393

Supernovae at Distances < 40 Mpc: I.Catalogues and fractions of Supernovae in a Complete Sample

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Abstract

Context.This is the first paper of a series aiming to determine the fractions and birth rates of various types of supernovae (SNe) in the local Universe. Aims. In this paper, we aim to construct a complete sample of SNe in the nearby universe and provide more precise measurement of subtype fractions. Methods.We carefully selected our SN sample at a distance of < 40 Mpc mainly from wide-field surveys conducted over the years from 2016 to 2023. Results.The sample contains a total of 211 SNe, including 109 SNe II, 69 SNe Ia, and 33 SNe Ibc. With the aid of sufficient spectra, we can obtain relatively accurate subtype classifications for all SNe in this sample. After corrections for the Malmquist bias, this volume-limited sample gives fractions of SNe Ia, SNe Ibc, and SNe II as $30.4^{+3.7}_{-11.5}\%$, $16.3^{+3.7}_{-7.4}\%$, and $53.3^{+9.5}_{-18.7}\%$, respectively.In the SN Ia sample, the fraction of the 91T-like subtype becomes relatively low (~5.4\%), while that of the 02cx-like subtype shows a moderate increase (~6.8\%). In the SN Ibc sample, we find significant fractions of broadlined SNe Ic (~18.0\%) and SNe Ibn (~8.8\%). The fraction of 87A-like subtype is determined as ~2.3\% for the first time, indicating rare explosions from blue supergiant stars. We find that SNe Ia show a double peak number distribution in S0- and Sc-type host galaxies, which may serve as a straightforward evidence for the presence of "prompt" and "delayed" progenitor components giving rise to SN Ia explosions. Several subtypes of SNe such as 02cx-like SNe Ia, broadlined SNe Ic, SNe IIn (and perhaps SNe Ibn) are found to occur preferentially in less massive spiral galaxies, favoring their associations with young stellar progenitors. Moreover, the 02cx-like subtype shows a trend of exploding in the outer skirt of their hosts, suggestive of metal-poor progenitors.

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Xiaoran Ma, Xiaofeng Wang, Jun Mo, D. Andrew Howell, Craig Pellegrino, Jujia Zhang, Shengyu Yan, Iair Arcavi, Zhihao Chen, Joseph Farah, Estefania Padilla Gonzalez, Fangzhou Guo, Daichi Hiramatsu, Gaici Li, Han Lin, Jialian Liu, Curtis McCully, Megan Newsome, Hanna Sai, Giacomo Terreran, Danfeng Xiang, Xinhan Zhang, Tianmeng Zhang. 2025-04-06. Supernovae at Distances < 40 Mpc: I.Catalogues and fractions of Supernovae in a Complete Sample. https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.04393

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