Negative absolute temperature attractor in a dense photon gas

Abstract

Statistical mechanics permits to connect the macroscopic properties of matter with the laws governing the evolution of its microscopic constituents. Such an approach has been very successful for systems of particles governed by either classical or quantum mechanics. In a classical gas, different thermodynamic laws apply to the weakly or strongly interacting particles of an ideal or real gas, respectively. Here, we demonstrate that a similar situation occurs for a gas of photons, which is contained in a finite-dimensional box such as a multimode waveguide. We use a few-mode system provided by a standard step-index fiber operated below cutoff, which permits to prepare a high-density gas of photons. We show that, owing to the attractive potential energy contribution to the photon energy induced by the nonlinear Kerr effect, the mode population exhibits a spontaneous inversion from the fundamental to the highest-order mode, as the input laser beam power grows larger. This inversion of the mode power distribution leads to a stable attractor for the output beam, and is associated with a progressive increase of the optical temperature until a flip of its sign leads to a new regime of negative absolute temperatures. Our work demonstrates the ability to all-optically control the shape of laser beams, which is a prerequisite for applications in high-power laser sources, nonlinear imaging, and optical communication systems.