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arXiv · 2505.24290

Two-color harmonic spectroscopy of ultrafast Dirac electron dynamics

Zhaopin Chen·Camilo Granados·Eyal Uzner·Ido Nisim·Daniel Kroeger·Ofer Neufeld·Marcelo F. Ciappina·Michael Krüger
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Abstract

High-harmonic generation (HHG), the hallmark effect of attosecond science, is a nonperturbative nonlinear process leading to the emission of high-harmonic light from gases and solids. In gases, extreme driving laser pulse intensities can deplete the ground state, suppressing harmonic emission during the trailing edge of the pulse. Here, we report a similar effect, pronounced ultrafast carrier saturation dynamics and harmonic emission suppression during nonperturbative harmonic generation (NPHG) in a gapless Dirac semimetal -- highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Remarkably, HOPG supports NPHG at laser intensities as low as $\sim 10^{10}$ W cm$^{-2}$, facilitated by its vanishing bandgap. Ultrafast carrier saturation strongly modulates the interplay between interband and intraband currents, a key characteristic of NPHG in Dirac materials. Using two-color spectroscopy, we reveal the excitation dynamics of Dirac electron-hole pairs as it affects the emission of harmonics during the presence of the driving laser pulse. The excitation of out-of-equilibrium hot carriers and the concomitant saturation near the Dirac points leads to a marked suppression of interband harmonics and induces measurable temporal shifts. These observations are supported by simulations based on semiconductor Bloch equations. Our finding reveal that field-driven carrier saturation plays a critical role in gapless solid NPHG. We demonstrate the potential of NPHG and HHG as a sensitive, all-optical probe of ultrafast carrier dynamics, offering novel opportunities for ultrafast optoelectronics in Dirac materials.

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Zhaopin Chen, Camilo Granados, Eyal Uzner, Ido Nisim, Daniel Kroeger, Ofer Neufeld, Marcelo F. Ciappina, Michael Krüger. 2025-05-30. Two-color harmonic spectroscopy of ultrafast Dirac electron dynamics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-72883-x

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