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arXiv · 2506.09470

The Fast and the Frame-Dragging: Efficient waveforms for asymmetric-mass eccentric equatorial inspirals into rapidly-spinning black holes

Christian E. A. Chapman-Bird·Lorenzo Speri·Zachary Nasipak·Ollie Burke·Michael L. Katz·Alessandro Santini·Shubham Kejriwal·Philip Lynch·Josh Mathews·Hassan Khalvati·Jonathan E. Thompson·Soichiro Isoyama·Scott A. Hughes·Niels Warburton·Alvin J. K. Chua·Maxime Pigou
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Abstract

Observations of gravitational-wave signals emitted by compact binary inspirals provide unique insights into their properties, but their analysis requires accurate and efficient waveform models. Intermediate- and extreme-mass-ratio inspirals (I/EMRIs), with mass ratios $q \gtrsim 10^2$, are promising sources for future detectors such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). Modelling waveforms for these asymmetric-mass binaries is challenging, entailing the tracking of many harmonic modes over thousands to millions of cycles. The FastEMRIWaveforms (FEW) modelling framework addresses this need, leveraging precomputation of mode data and interpolation to rapidly compute adiabatic waveforms for eccentric inspirals into zero-spin black holes. In this work, we extend FEW to model eccentric equatorial inspirals into black holes with spin magnitudes $|a| \leq 0.999$. Our model supports eccentricities $e < 0.9$ and semi-latus recta $p < 200$, enabling the generation of long-duration IMRI waveforms, and produces waveforms in $\sim 100$ ms with hardware acceleration. Characterising systematic errors, we estimate that our model attains mismatches of $\sim 10^{-5}$ (for LISA sensitivity) with respect to error-free adiabatic waveforms over most of parameter space. We find that kludge models introduce errors in signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) as great as $^{+60\%}_{-40\%}$ and induce marginal biases of up to $\sim 1\sigma$ in parameter estimation. We show LISA's horizon redshift for I/EMRI signals varies significantly with $a$, reaching a redshift of $3$ ($15$) for EMRIs (IMRIs) with only minor $(\sim10\%)$ dependence on $e$ for an SNR threshold of 20. For signals with SNR $\sim 50$, spin and eccentricity-at-plunge are measured with uncertainties of $\delta a \sim 10^{-7}$ and $\delta e_f \sim 10^{-5}$. This work advances the state-of-the-art in waveform generation for asymmetric-mass binaries.

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Christian E. A. Chapman-Bird, Lorenzo Speri, Zachary Nasipak, Ollie Burke, Michael L. Katz, Alessandro Santini, Shubham Kejriwal, Philip Lynch, Josh Mathews, Hassan Khalvati, Jonathan E. Thompson, Soichiro Isoyama, Scott A. Hughes, Niels Warburton, Alvin J. K. Chua, Maxime Pigou. 2025-06-11. The Fast and the Frame-Dragging: Efficient waveforms for asymmetric-mass eccentric equatorial inspirals into rapidly-spinning black holes. https://doi.org/10.1103/scbp-75pf

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