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arXiv · 2507.12838

Are Knowledge and Reference in Multilingual Language Models Cross-Lingually Consistent?

Xi Ai·Mahardika Krisna Ihsani·Min-Yen Kan
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Abstract

Cross-lingual consistency should be considered to assess cross-lingual transferability, maintain the factuality of the model knowledge across languages, and preserve the parity of language model performance. We are thus interested in analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting cross-lingual consistency for factual knowledge. To facilitate our study, we examine multiple pretrained models and tuned models with code-mixed coreferential statements that convey identical knowledge across languages. Interpretability approaches are leveraged to analyze the behavior of a model in cross-lingual contexts, showing different levels of consistency in multilingual models, subject to language families, linguistic factors, scripts, and a bottleneck in cross-lingual consistency on a particular layer. Code-switching training and cross-lingual word alignment objectives show the most promising results, emphasizing the worthiness of cross-lingual alignment supervision and code-switching strategies for both multilingual performance and cross-lingual consistency enhancement. In addition, experimental results suggest promising result for calibrating consistency in the test time via activation patching.

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Xi Ai, Mahardika Krisna Ihsani, Min-Yen Kan. 2025-07-17. Are Knowledge and Reference in Multilingual Language Models Cross-Lingually Consistent?. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12838

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