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arXiv · 2508.03548

The $1/c$ expansion of general relativity in a $3+1$ formulation, revisited

Mahmut Elbistan
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Abstract

We study the $1/c$ expansion of general relativity within a formulation that is compatible with both the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner and the Kol-Smolkin decompositions. The Einstein-Hilbert action takes a common form for those decompositions as they are dual to each other. We first develop a method to expand this generic form without choosing a particular slicing and then push the expansion up to $c^{-3}$ order within this novel approach. Next, we apply our technique to the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner decomposition and expand it up to $c^{-3}$ order explicitly. In order to demonstrate the applicability of our method and to highlight the duality at the level of expansion, we also perform the expansion in the Kol-Smolkin decomposition up to $c^{-1}$ order. Lastly, we make some all-order observations.

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Mahmut Elbistan. 2025-08-05. The $1/c$ expansion of general relativity in a $3+1$ formulation, revisited. https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.03548

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