Statistical Mechanics of Paraparticles

Nupoor Thakur; Navinder Singh Bathinda

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arXiv · 2509.00112

Statistical Mechanics of Paraparticles

Nupoor Thakur·Navinder Singh Bathinda

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Abstract

Quantum mechanics broadly classifies the particles into two categories: $(1)$ fermions and $(2)$ bosons. Fermions are half-integer spin particles, obeying Pauli's exclusion principle and Fermi-Dirac statistics. Whereas bosons are integer spin particles, not obeying Pauli's exclusion principle, and obeying Bose-Einstein statistics. However, there are two exceptions to this standard case: first, anyons, which exist in 2-dimensional systems, and secondly, paraparticles, which can exist in any dimension. Paraparticles follow their non-trivial parastatistics, obeying their generalised exclusion principle. In this paper, we provide a detailed review of the foundations of paraparticle statistics established in \cite{wang2025particle}. We extend this work further and then derive an important expression for the heat capacity of paraparticles for a specific case, which would provide a handle for the experimental detection of paraparticles in appropriate systems.

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Nupoor Thakur, Navinder Singh Bathinda. 2025-08-28. Statistical Mechanics of Paraparticles. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.00112

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