Electrophoretic Beamforming in Molecular Communication: Toward Targeted Extracellular Vesicle Delivery

Mohammad Zoofaghari; Liv Cornelia Middelthon; Mladen Veletić; Ilangko Balasingham

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arXiv · 2509.09339

Electrophoretic Beamforming in Molecular Communication: Toward Targeted Extracellular Vesicle Delivery

Mohammad Zoofaghari·Liv Cornelia Middelthon·Mladen Veletić·Ilangko Balasingham

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Abstract

Directing extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, toward specific cells is an emerging focus in nanomedicine, owing to their natural role as carriers of proteins, RNAs, and drugs. EVs can be manipulated by external electric fields due to their intrinsic surface charge and biophysical properties. This study investigates the feasibility of using extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields to guide EV transport. A theoretical framework based on the Fokker-Planck equation was developed and numerically solved to model vesicle trajectories under time-harmonic drift. Computational simulations were conducted to systematically assess the influence of key electric field parameters, including phase, frequency, and intensity, on vesicle displacement and trajectory. The findings demonstrate that frequencies below 5 Hz combined with field strengths of 200-2000 V/m can induce substantial directional control of EV motion. Moreover, enhanced directivity was achieved through the application of multi-component electric fields. Overall, this work establishes a theoretical foundation for the external-field-based beamforming of nanoparticles within the framework of molecular communication.

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Mohammad Zoofaghari, Liv Cornelia Middelthon, Mladen Veletić, Ilangko Balasingham. 2025-09-11. Electrophoretic Beamforming in Molecular Communication: Toward Targeted Extracellular Vesicle Delivery. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09339

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