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arXiv · 2509.09573

Quantum signatures of proper time in optical ion clocks

Gabriel Sorci·Joshua Foo·Dietrich Leibfried·Christian Sanner·Igor Pikovski
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Abstract

Optical clocks based on atoms and ions probe relativistic effects with unprecedented sensitivity by resolving time dilation due to atom motion or different positions in the gravitational potential through frequency shifts. However, all measurements of time dilation so far can be explained effectively as the result of dynamics with respect to a classical proper time parameter. Here we show that atomic clocks can probe effects where a classical description of the proper time dynamics is insufficient. We apply a Hamiltonian formalism to derive time dilation effects in harmonically trapped clock atoms and show how second-order Doppler shifts (SODS) due to the vacuum energy (vSODS), squeezing (sqSODS) and quantum corrections to the dynamics (qSODS) arise. We also demonstrate that the entanglement between motion and clock evolution can become observable in state-of-the-art clocks when the motion of the atoms is strongly squeezed, realizing proper time interferometry. Our results show that experiments with trapped ion clocks are within reach to probe relativistic evolution of clocks for which a quantum description of proper time becomes necessary.

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Gabriel Sorci, Joshua Foo, Dietrich Leibfried, Christian Sanner, Igor Pikovski. 2025-09-11. Quantum signatures of proper time in optical ion clocks. https://doi.org/10.1103/qhj9-pc2b

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