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arXiv · 2509.17367

Scale-free Characteristics of Multilingual Legal Texts and the Limitations of LLMs

Haoyang Chen·Kumiko Tanaka-Ishii
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Abstract

We present a comparative analysis of text complexity across domains using scale-free metrics. We quantify linguistic complexity via Heaps' exponent $\beta$ (vocabulary growth), Taylor's exponent $\alpha$ (word-frequency fluctuation scaling), compression rate $r$ (redundancy), and entropy. Our corpora span three domains: legal documents (statutes, cases, deeds) as a specialized domain, general natural language texts (literature, Wikipedia), and AI-generated (GPT) text. We find that legal texts exhibit slower vocabulary growth (lower $\beta$) and higher term consistency (higher $\alpha$) than general texts. Within legal domain, statutory codes have the lowest $\beta$ and highest $\alpha$, reflecting strict drafting conventions, while cases and deeds show higher $\beta$ and lower $\alpha$. In contrast, GPT-generated text shows the statistics more aligning with general language patterns. These results demonstrate that legal texts exhibit domain-specific structures and complexities, which current generative models do not fully replicate.

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Haoyang Chen, Kumiko Tanaka-Ishii. 2025-09-22. Scale-free Characteristics of Multilingual Legal Texts and the Limitations of LLMs. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-02551-7_10

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