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arXiv · 2509.17386

The nuts and bolts of gauge invariance of heat transport

Stefano Baroni
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Abstract

In this work I revisit the notion of gauge invariance in thermal transport and show, in the simplest and most general possibile terms, why heat conductivity is unaffected by the specific choice of energy density. I provide the minimal and general conditions under which any two energy densities, though differing locally, lead to the same heat conductivity within the Green-Kubo framework. The relevance of gauge invariance in heat-transport simulations performed with machine-trained neural-network potentials is also briefly highlighted.

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Stefano Baroni. 2025-09-22. The nuts and bolts of gauge invariance of heat transport. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17386

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