Searcharxiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2509.18522

Functional Information Decomposition: A First-Principles Approach to Analyzing Functional Relationships

Clifford Bohm·Vincent R. Ragusa·Arend Hintze·Charles Ofria·Emily Dolson·Christoph Adami
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

A central challenge in analyzing multivariate interactions within complex systems is to decompose how multiple inputs jointly determine an output. Existing approaches generally operate on observed probability distributions and can conflate a system's intrinsic functional logic with statistical artifacts of limited data. As a result, distinct systems can yield identical observations, rendering information decomposition fundamentally underdetermined and obscuring true higher-order interactions. We introduce Functional Information Decomposition (FID), both a computational and theoretical framework, which defines informational components with respect to a system's complete input-output mapping, thereby addressing a core cross-scale inference problem: determining how information carried by individual components combines to shape system-level behavior. When the mapping is fully specified, FID provides a unique decomposition into independent and synergistic contributions. Crucially, given only partial observations, FID characterizes the entire space of consistent decompositions by sampling compatible functions, making inferential limits explicit. A complementary geometric perspective clarifies the structural origin of informational components. We demonstrate FID's interdisciplinary utility on canonical logical functions, Conway's Game of Life, and gene-expression-based prediction of cancer drug response, and provide an open-source implementation. By separating functional architecture from observational distribution, FID offers a principled foundation for analyzing multivariate dependence in both fully and partially observed complex systems.

Explore related subjects

cs.ITmath.IT

Keep this discovery

BibTeXRIS

Clifford Bohm, Vincent R. Ragusa, Arend Hintze, Charles Ofria, Emily Dolson, Christoph Adami. 2025-09-23. Functional Information Decomposition: A First-Principles Approach to Analyzing Functional Relationships. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.18522

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

A Mathematical Theory of Pragmatic Information

We propose a pragmatic information theory unifying communication, control, and decision-making. Its core is the isoteleia mapping, formalizing equifinality: distinct semantic paths leading to the same optimal action are pragmatically equivalent. This induces a three-tier hierarchy of syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic information, each abstraction discarding task-irrelevant distinctions. We develop pragmatic entropy, up/down mutual information, channel capacity, and rate-distortion, and prove three coding theorems generalizing Shannon's classical results. We introduce pragmatic value (VoI) and cost (CoI) of information as decision-theoretic duals to rate-distortion and capacity, respectively, and formulate a Lagrangian dual framework for cross-layer optimization. The pragmatic efficiency bound $\mathcal{E}_p(\lambda)=\sup_R[\Phi_p(R)-\lambda\,\mathrm{CoI}_p(R)]$ quantifies the maximum net utility any resource-constrained intelligent system can extract, thereby establishing a fundamental behavioral capacity limit---generalizing Shannon's symbol-level capacity to goal-directed action. Extensions to continuous messages yield closed-form Gaussian expressions, while dynamic settings are addressed via a Bellman equation for sequential decision-making. This framework provides a rigorous foundation for task-oriented communication, networked control, autonomous systems, and embodied AI, shifting focus from symbol fidelity to the effectiveness of information in guiding actions, and offers a unified mathematical language for next-generation intelligent systems.

cs.IT↗
arXiv2026

Data Protection in Function-Correcting Symbol-Pair Codes: Redundancy Bounds and Protection Profiles

In several storage systems, including DNA storage and flash memory, errors affect neighbouring symbols jointly, and the Hamming metric does not adequately capture such error patterns. The symbol-pair read channel, introduced by Cassuto and Blaum~\cite{cassuto2011codes}, addresses this by reading consecutive pairs of symbols rather than individual symbols. Motivated by this, we introduce function-correcting symbol-pair codes with data protection (FCSPC-DP), which guarantee reliable recovery of a desired function of the message while simultaneously protecting the message itself against symbol-pair errors. We derive bounds on the optimal redundancy of such codes and establish a relationship with joint-pair distance matrices. We also give explicit constructions of FCSPC-DP for locally pair-bounded functions and symbol-pair weight functions. We introduce the pair-separation constant of a function, the minimum symbol-pair distance between messages sharing a function value, and show that when it is sufficiently large, data protection requires no additional redundancy: the optimal redundancy coincides with that of the corresponding code without data protection. Considering the symbol-pair analogue of the $\alpha$-distance graph, we introduce two code invariants, the generation profile and the disconnection threshold, and use them to characterise a code's protection properties. Relating the two metrics through these invariants yields upper and lower bounds on the symbol-pair threshold in terms of its Hamming counterpart, both of which are attained. We further extend the classical Plotkin and sphere-packing bounds to this setting.

cs.IT↗
arXiv2026

Physics of Information Geometry - Part II: Small-Step Active Inference on the Probability Simplex

This paper is the second in a two-part investigation of the physics of information geometry. While Part I develops a physical foundation for distributional motion on the probability simplex, the present paper studies how that framework manifests in active inference. The treatment is fully self-contained and does not require familiarity with Part I. We focus in particular on active inference through small distributional steps and the geometric structure induced by such local motion. Starting from an initial distribution, an agent evolves its belief state toward a final target distribution through a sequence of constrained updates. We define a relative free energy functional with respect to the preferred distribution and extend it to a relative potential energy analogous to the Helmholtz/Gibbs free-energy decomposition. The evolution is subject to a per-step kinetic constraint expressed through the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between consecutive distributions, which serves as a discrete kinetic energy on the probability simplex. Using the information-geometric Pythagorean theorem on KL balls, we show that sufficiently small local moves dominate large direct jumps, and that greedy maximization of free-energy reduction is globally optimal under the kinetic constraint. This leads to a sequential variational principle in which the optimal trajectory minimizes the associated Lagrangian of the optimization problem. Similar to classical mechanics, the Lagrangian takes on the form as the difference between the kinetic and potential terms, establishing a least-action principle for distributional motion on the simplex. The resulting optimal update admits a closed form as an exponentially tilted version of the current distribution toward the preferred distribution, parametrized by an inverse-temperature-like multiplier. We further extend the framework to incorporate state-dependent geodesic...

cs.IT↗